Wax deposition contributes significantly and painfully to the deliverability of produced fluid along its journey from porous media through the wellbore to the production facilities. Solutions for wax fighting include, but not limited to, chemical, mechanical and/or thermal or a combination. Wax management has been always a key concern for Dragon Oil offshore Turkmenistan as per wax depositions in the wellbore of most producers has driven Dragon Oil to adopt different approaches to handle this critical issue. However, optimizing these approaches is of a paramount importance especially in today's industry situation and also to honor weather changes and logistical challenges while working on controlling wax related issues. Wide range of wax management strategies are practiced to prevent, mitigate and remediate wax deposition. Several studies have been conducted to investigate problem roots and to develop the most practical solution for wax management starting from downhole to the onshore facilities. Chemical injection and mechanical Slick Line (SLK) well interventions are the techniques most commonly practiced in Dragon Oil to manage the deposited wax in the wellbore (~ 100 jobs of wax cut/week and ~ 700 liters/day of wax inhibitor-optimized dosage). Compliance Sheets were designed and being optimized on daily basis to manage such intensive well intervention. Modifications to drilling Basis of Design (BoD) allowing chemicals injection at different depths/dosages and wellhead area thermal treatment are examples of precautions that being followed to secure wax free flow. Wells that are completed in "A-Sand" reservoir have severe wax challenges due to high wax appearance temperature (WAT). Having BHFP < BPP and WHT < WAT makes wax precipitation and deposition an imminent phenomenon. In addition, several studies showed that the above combination along with fluid properties and potentially low velocity contribute to more wax deposition in the tubing. Furthermore, harsh weather adds more challenges to the Company's efforts to manage flow assurance related issues. For example, delays in Slick Line operations due to difficulties in mobilizing SLK units allow more soft wax to build up and become harder at different depths. As a result, significant disturbance in the wells productivity and flowlines deliverability is observed causing losses in the field total production. Plugging of chemical injection systems (control lines and nipple), as first guard in some wells, adds another complication to deal with de-waxing management in the field. Dragon Oil has also successfully applied a few surface thermal means to manage wax deposition in surface facilities that will be discussed also in this study highlighting monitoring, surveillance and optimization efforts. It was observed that optimizing Wax Inhibitor (WI) dosage help in decreasing the frequency of mechanical de-waxing operations. Obviously higher WI dosage rate increases the operational costs and potential side effects (i.e., emulsion, foaming, etc.). Dragon Oil developed a practical approach to thoroughly monitor all wellhead related parameters and managed to add value through the comprehensive optimization cost/effect versus costs/risks of wax management by mechanical, chemical and thermal means.
The deployment of Multi-Phase Flow Meter (MPFM) from commissioning to execution campaign in harsh offshore/H2S uncertainty conditions is presented. The case study was performed in Lam and Zhdanov fields operated by Dragon Oil, Offshore Caspian-Turkmenistan. The objective was to enhance the quality of well testing and allocation factor by comparing test separators (TS) measurements against multiphase flow meter (MPFM) readings and, in a bigger scope to converge the difference versus onshore plant measurements of oil and water. Commissioning stage of MPFM was started off by comparing its results with TS. Comparison program was made and followed by considering the operating envelope of both technologies: MFPM and TS, input PVT parameters, measurement conditions and success criteria. Water-liquid ratio (WLR) and water rate from MPFM was compared against wellhead samples utilizing automatic centrifuge and total water at plant. MPFM was subjected to measure flow during both: well clean-up stage and production logging of a slugging well. High gas volume fraction and scale/wax precipitation have required methodology development to maintain the accuracy of MPFM. 14 wells were subjected to comparison test showing differences in gas and liquid rates between MPFM and TS are within acceptable criteria while difference in water rate was high due to slugging nature of flow. High-frequency measurements of WLR from MPFM showed water rates accompanying slugging were consistent with wellhead sampling and total onshore water production. Two-phase test separator was underestimating the water due to few sampling and improper separation at manual centrifuge. In high gas volume fraction equal to 98.5% and above MPFM accuracy in liquid rate becomes very sensitive to reference point of gas. To maintain the liquid accuracy, the in-line measurement of gas point was done so that accuracy of liquid measurements improved. MPFM has identified wells with scale and wax precipitation, which can be observed from photon counts deviation at two energy levels of gamma-ray spectrum. By adding 3rd energy level, it was possible to estimate the thickness of scale and wax on the wall of meter venturi throat and hence maintaining the MPFM flowing rate accuracy. MPFM campaign showed accurate measurement of water for Cheleken in addition to adding efficient well testing frequency while providing reliable high data frequency. This case study shows the first mobile MPFM application in Caspian offshore for producing wells’ testing. Results in comparison with TS signifies better and faster ways to calibrate the surface TS. MPFM testing campaign has led to the early identification of possible flow assurance issues and consequently, development of methodologies and recommendations to ensure reliability of MPFM and permanent test separators.
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