The financial reporting plays a significant role in sustainable development, as it contributes greatly to providing the information required to assess sustainable development performance. In order to achieve the sustainable development, accurate information should be provided to stakeholders on the energy consumed and the impact of energy consumption on the environment. Information on sustainable energy performance needs providing both of financial and non-financial information. However, the traditional financial reporting system is unable to provide information that helps measure and promote sustainable energy performance, as the current accounting system provides financial information only. It is therefore important to adopt an appropriate reporting framework to support the evaluation of sustainable energy performance. This paper proposes an approach to the measure the sustainable energy performance based on the integrated reporting framework. A unique feature of the approach is the selection of corporate energy performance indicators that cover both financial and non-financial information. This paper therefore sets out indicators for assessing sustainable energy performance based on the Integrated Reporting Framework. Furthermore, the application of the indicators proposed in this paper helps regulators and economic policy makers to develop sustainable development strategies at national level. Moreover, the adoption of the proposed indicators can provide accurate information on the real and future of sustainable energy in the country.
Unemployment is one of the primary problems that most contemporary economic systems suffer from in the world, which works to bring about negative consequences on the welfare and security of society. Therefore, governments are working hard to reduce their unemployment rates, mitigate its effects, and develop economic strategies that are happy in providing job opportunities. Unemployment means stopping a part of the labor force in the economy despite the availability of the ability and willingness to work. Unemployment usually results from an imbalance in the labor market due to demand and supply considerations. Unemployment wastes the workforces of a large part of society and may lead to social violence and political unrest outbreaks when it reaches high levels. In Iraq, unemployment has deep roots that go back to the 1980s. The government began to face the problem of providing adequate job opportunities for the nearly one million people who served in the Iran-Iraq war. Unemployment has had dire consequences for the economy, society, and the Iraqi state. These effects include the spread of poverty, deprivation, and the deterioration of development rates with all its indicators.
The rise of sovereign wealth funds has transformed global financial markets. They hold considerable financial assets and invest in developing nations, both those they own and those that wish to invest in them if their investment policy is more welcoming to developing countries. The results indicate that the operations of sovereign funds and the allocation of their assets are active in developed industrial countries. These countries have the most favorable financial and real estate ecosystems and dynamic financial markets that can use these funds profitablyArab sovereign funds are among the most crucial financing funds in the world that can contribute to achieving Arab economic unity. Exploiting the advantages available in the Arab economies provides a suitable productive ground for investing the funds of sovereign funds in successful development projects. Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are state-owned investment entities dedicated to achieving national goals. SWFs' inherent characteristics as long-term investors and their governmental mandate may make them an ideal vehicle for promoting sustainability. However, SWFs must adhere to sustainability standards as part of their larger strategy as a prerequisite.
The paper aims to extrapolate the nature of domestic credit in Iraq by focusing on the period 2011/14 and focusing on the study's core focus. It explores the overall effects on the variables of economic activity and the population's overall well-being. The results indicate that credit changes in Iraq have not played a clear role under the reality of banks and their work as they are still constrained by many restrictions of an economic and political nature. Nevertheless, domestic credit is critical for encouraging banking and stock market operations and recruiting FDI, which enhances the banking system's and stock market's competence, impacting economic activity and energy consumption. It also enables increased access to credit and financial services and the building of cash for future investment since providing credit is a critical component in economic development. Nevertheless, the results reveal unequivocally that industrialization and financial development are necessary components of Iraq's long-run economic success.
The research aims to provide a preliminary estimate of the total costs incurred by Iraq from 2003 to the present, including estimating the costs of human losses in cash, which constitutes the first attempt to find a comprehensive estimate of the costs of terrorism and the war on it, and the opportunity costs of it. Although the task is not easy, as it requires a re-evaluation of capital and human assets and calculating their current values, the difficulties extend to calculating the upbringing costs of an Iraqi child until he reaches the age of 20, based on calculating the cost of living over the years. The results provide a preliminary estimate of the expenses incurred by Iraq due to terrorism during the past 19 years since 2003. It is an initial estimate as there are still some other unestimated costs whose estimation will raise the bill for confronting terrorism in Iraq. In total, the costs of terrorism in Iraq amounted to 1.435 trillion dollars, of which the human cost constitutes 65%, and the loss of gross domestic product is 23%. It could have been repurposed for uses that serve the trends of progress and development in the country, increase the welfare of its people, eliminate poverty and deprivation, and rise on the ladder of development progress
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