Current reliance on fossil fuels is unsustainable due to pollution and finite supplies. Microbial cell factories serve as promising alternatives renewable energy resources. Microorganisms generate electricity in their metabolism; act as catalysts for converting the chemical energy into electricity. In Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC), electrons provided by microorganisms flow through an electrical external circuit transport, create current and power. There are kind of MFCs such as Photosynthetic Alga Microbial Fuel Cells (PAMFCs), Microbial Desalination Cells (MDCs), and Sediment Microbial Fuel Cells (SMFCs). One of the main challenges with current state of MFCs biotechnology is its power output. MFCs with comparable power output can develop by terminal electron acceptors with a low redox potential and increase the cathode surface area. Anode and cathode performance are important factors limiting the power density of MFCs for practical application, but only a little development has been reported in the case of anode chamber.
Manufacturing of hard biodegradable petroleum based plastics harmfully affect the environment. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) naturally produced as carbon storage polymer by various Monera kingdom microorganisms, resemble synthetic polymers in many chemical and physical properties. Renewable and biodegradable features made attracted much attention to these polyester bond polymers. PHAs extraction studied in many microorganisms made it naturally or engineered, where Poly 3-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) is the most common. Main enzymes involved in PHB synthesis by Ralstonia eutropha encode by phbCAB gen cluster. Production of polyester particles is induced by excess quantity of carbon sources and nitrogen or some other factors starvation. PHAs production costs are still a drawback to wide usage, the future trend should focus on more efficient and economical processes developing for PHA production.
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