The Turkic people in Central Asia started to convert to Islam in the mid-8 th century. Islam, just like other religions in other cultures, had an impact on various aspects of Turkish life, including literacy, language, and culture. It seems that the concept of four humors has been adopted by Turkic people along with the conversion to Islam. The humoral pathology theory based on the idea that human bodies contain basic four humors, or fluids (i.e., blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm), was the mainstream medical system for hundreds of years. After a paradigm shift in medicine in the mid-19 th century, this theory was replaced with the modern germ theory. However, the reflections of the four humors theory can be observed in the Kutadgu Bilig, an 11 th century Central Asian Turkic "mirror for princes," which contains pieces of advice on ideals of statecraft. It is also possible to find the traces of medical understanding of Turkic people from that period in this work. The evaluation of the manuscript shows that it contains valuable information related to humoral pathology theory. Some of the examples are that it emphasizes that the harmony of the humors is essential for a healthy life; the relationship between temperament and age, season, food, and four qualities (hot-cold and wet-dry) is expressed. In conclusion, the Kutadgu Bilig is a good sample of work containing information on the humoral pathology theory in Central Asian Turkish medicine from the 11 th century.
31 Mart Olayı, Osmanlı-Türk siyasal hayatındaki önemli gelişmelerden biridir. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilanı ile İstanbul’da ortaya çıkan bu olay, ilk olarak askeri bir isyan olarak gelişmesine karşın zaman içerisinde dini bir hal almıştır. Birçok asker ve sivil can kaybının yaşanmasına sebep olan olaylar sonucunda II. Abdülhamit tahtan indirilmiş ve yerine V. Mehmed Reşad getirilmiştir. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilan edilmesi ile ortaya çıkan siyasi düşünceler, toplum içerisinde farklı kutuplaşmaların yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Toplum içerisinde yaşanan bu gerilimin orduya da yansıması ile birlikte, ordu içerisinde mektepli-alaylı gerilimi ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu dönemde siyasi olarak etkinlik sağlamaya çalışan İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti, 31 Mart Olayı’nın ortaya çıkmasında önemli pay sahibi olmuştur. Meşrutiyet ilan edilmesine rağmen siyasi yönetime tam olarak hâkim olamayan İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti, siyasi istikrarsızlığın artmasına neden olmuştur. Bu makale, toplum ve ordu içerisinde yaşanan siyasi gerilimlerin sebep olduğu 31 Mart Olayı’nı inceleyerek, bu olayın Osmanlı-Türk siyasal hayatında yarattığı etkileri tartışmaktadır.
With its historical background especially started in the middle of the 1960s, tendency to decline in profitability ratios among central capitalist countries, after the economic crisis in the 1970s, the countries which adopted more and more capitalism, reactions to falling profitability rates and an unprecedented momentum in the financial process after 1980, which was never seen before set forth index of events that shape today's World economy. Labor and capital movements gained much more freedom with the revolutions in transportation, technology and communication which started in the 1980s and continued in 1990s and 2000s. With the removal of the obstacles to the capital movement, financial markets have become a common, uninterrupted international market. Financialization, which has become increasingly important as a result of technological and economic developments, has emerged as an important concept in the world economy since the 1990s. This study aims to assess the impact on Turkey of the last twenty years the historical transformation of the main factors that make up the infrastructure of the capitalist system.
An individual perceives as a threat when the environment changes that she/he is accustomed. The perceived threat is reflected in "the other" because it cannot be caused by "us". The global economic crisis in 2008 also affected Switzerland and this led to a decline in perceived prosperity in everyday life. In the Swiss case, it was considered that various minority rights violations, particularly in 2009, were due to the danger of the perceived level of prosperity by Swiss citizens. The process of violating these minority rights has been tried to be interpreted with the help of the concept of Political Psychology. In the study, it was stated that the psychology of the victim created within the Muslim minority would be easily adopted by the Muslim minority group and the gap between "us" and "the other" would increase. In terms of public security policies, the existence of different groups within society affects the domestic security policies of the states. As the gap between "us" and "the other" increases, aggressive feelings will increase and will have a negative impact on the welfare of the country in terms of public security. In addition, as a result of different groups perceiving each other as a threat, the unrest in the society will increase. Political Psychology examines the selected trauma and selected victories based on the psychology of groups and tries to analyze how the group behaves in the face of any event. It expresses how concepts such as identity, politics, ethnicity, gender, religion are interpreted by different groups. The aim of this study is to express the political practices towards the minorities in Switzerland and to put forward the ways of these practices evaluating as a threat to public freedom.
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