Sabut kelapa adalah salah satu limbah lignoselulosa yang dapat dikonversikan menjadi bioetanol. Konversi bioetanol pada penelitian ini dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan yaitu proses pre-treatment, proses Saccharification and Simultaneous Fermentation (SSF), dan proses pemurnian. Proses pre-treatment sebagai proses pemecahan ikatan lignoselulosa menjadi poin utama dalam proses konversi biomassa lignoselulosa. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh iradiasi gamma terhadap pemecahan ikatan lignoselulosa pada proses pre-treatment tersebut. Proses iradiasi gamma divariasikan pada dosis sebesar 0 kGy, 100 kGy, 150 kGy, 200 kGy, 250 kGy dan dilanjutkan pre-treatment secara kimia menggunakan NaOH 4%. Kemudian dilanjutkan proses pemurnian setelah proses SSF selama 72 jam. Kadar bioetanol yang diperoleh setelah proses pemurnian diukur menggunakan metode refraktometri dan piknometri. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh kadar bioetanol tertinggi pada dosis iradiasi gamma 200 kGy, yaitu 35,15% untuk metode refraktometri, dan 36,77% untuk metode piknometri. Hasil tersebut jauh lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan kadar bioetanol tanpa iradiasi gamma yaitu 2,45% untuk metode refraktometri, dan 6,92% untuk metode piknometri. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa metode pre-treatment dengan iradiasi gamma dapat menghasilkan kadar bioetanol yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanpa menggunakan iradiasi gamma.Coconut husk is one of lignocellulosic wastes that can be converted into bioethanol. Bioethanol conversion in this study was carried out through several stages, namely the pre-treatment process, the Saccharification and Simultaneous Fermentation (SSF) process, and the purification process. The pre-treatment process as the process of breaking lignocellulosic bonds becomes the main point in the process of lignocellulosic biomass conversion. This research was conducted to determine the effect of gamma irradiation to breaking lignocellulosic bonds on the pre-treatment process. Gamma irradiation process was varied in doses of 0 kGy, 100 kGy, 150 kGy, 200 kGy, 250 kGy and continued with chemical pre-treatment using 4% NaOH. Then the purification process was continued after the SSF process for 6 days. Bioethanol levels obtained after the purification process were measured using refractometry and picnometry methods. In this study, the highest levels of bioethanol were obtained at a gamma irradiation dose of 200 kGy, namely 34.93% for the refractometry method, and 26.67% for the picnometry method, respectively. These results are much higher when compared to bioethanol levels without gamma irradiation, which is 2.25% for the refractometry method, and 5.49% for the picnometry method, respectively. This study shows that the pre-treatment method with gamma irradiation can produce higher levels of bioethanol than without using gamma irradiation.
Cellulose is a material used in producing natural fibers, which is more environmentally friendly than synthetic fibers. Rice straw waste contains much cellulose and has potential as natural fiber. However, before the natural cellulose fiber is extracted from the rice straw, it must pass through several processes, such as chemicals or nuclear radiation, especially during the pretreatment process. Furthermore, the resulting natural fibers are utilized to replace synthetic fibers for use as raw materials in manufacturing several commercial products. This review describes a process that can be applied to manufacture natural fibers from rice straw and commercial products made from natural cellulose fibers.
Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) merupakan salah satu biomassa lignoselulosa dengan komposisi utama terdiri atas selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin. Pemisahan komponen lignoselulosa dapat dilakukan dengan fraksionasi melalui metode organosolv. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kondisi operasi dari proses fraksionasi biomassa lignoselulosa TKKS dengan metode organosolv berkatalis NH4OH. Penelitian dirancang menggunakan Metode Placket-Burman dengan variasi rasio fraksi berat, rasio etanol:air, temperatur, konsentrasi katalis, dan waktu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fraksionasi dapat dilakukan dengan baik pada rasio fraksi berat biomassa 10%, perbandingan etanol:air sebanyak 1:1, temperatur 160°C, dan konsentrasi katalis 5% NH4OH, selama 120 menit. Kondisi tersebut dapat menghasilkan perolehan selulosa 98,07%, perolehan hemiselulosa 98,71% dan penghilangan lignin 60,28%. Penggunaan kembali pelarut dilakukan dengan memisahkan lignin melalui presipitasi H2SO4 1M pada pH 2. Penggunaan pelarut untuk kedua kali dapat menghasilkan perolehan selulosa 98,03%, perolehan hemiselulosa 65,61% dan penghilangan lignin 59,81%. Sementara itu, dari perhitungan neraca massa, dapat dilihat bahwa proses tersebut dapat dilakukan karena kehilangan pelarut dan padatan relatif sedikit. Kehilangan padatan berkisar pada 19,06% dari umpan TKKS, sedangkan pelarut yang dapat diambil adalah sekitar 59,34% dari umpan etanol.
Biomassa lignoselulosa yang terdiri dari selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin, kerap ditemui sebagai limbah, sebenarnya dapat dimanfaatkan melalui perlakuan pendahuluan. Perlakuan pendahuluan membantu pemanfaatan lignoselulosa dengan cara mengubah strukturnya sehingga mempermudah konversi selulosa dan hemiselulosa menjadi sumber gula yang dapat difermentasi. Berbagai metode fisik, kimia, biologis, atau gabungan digunakan untuk perlakuan pendahuluan lignoselulosa. Teknologi iradiasi adalah salah satu metode perlakuan pendahuluan yang unik dan menjanjikan, yang melibatkan aplikasi sinar gamma, berkas electron, radiasi microwave, UV dan ultrasonik. Ulasan ini menjelaskan peran dan prospek penerapan teknologi radiasi sebagai perlakuan pendahuluan dalam pemanfaatan biomassa lignoselulosa.
Post-harvest activities of agricultural products often generate wastes. One of the agricultural wastes that increase every year is corn cobs, which have a high cellulose content and can potentially be used as raw materials for making natural fibers. Therefore, this study aims to examine several potential commercial products from corn cobs. The method used is a literature study by tracing the sources of previous writings. Furthermore, how to process corn cobs waste for the manufacture of natural fibers and commercial products will be discussed. From the previously traced sources in the utilization of corn cobs waste, 4 products were obtained. The results are nano hydrogels based on gamma radiation, activated carbon with a carbonation process, bioethanol using the SSF process, and the use of corn cob cellulose as good-quality brake lining.
The Effect of Gamma Iradiation Dosage Variation on The Separation of Coconut Coir Lignocellulose Biomass ComponentsAbstractIndonesia has the potential for lignocellulosic biomass in the form of coconut coir, which is very abundant. The components of coconut coir are lignocellulosic biomass, which consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and can be separated from one another. This study was conducted to determine the effect of variations in the dose of gamma-ray irradiation on the structure of each component so that it was expected that the utilization of coconut coir lignocellulosic biomass could be more comprehensive. The separation was carried out using wet irradiation with a 5% H2O2 solution as the initiator, where 15 grams of coco coir sample was dissolved in 60 ml of 5% H2O2 solution. Gamma irradiation dose variations were 0 kGy, 50 kGy, 100 kGy, 150 kGy, and 200 kGy. Based on the research, the optimal dose to obtain glucose was obtained at an irradiated dose of 100 kGy with a glucose level of 5.09 mg. The optimal gamma irradiation dose for lignin separation is 50 kGy with a lignin separation percentage of 34.95%. Based on the FTIR analysis, it can be seen that as a result of the chemical bond resulting from the separation, there is a decrease in the effect of the gamma IR radiation. This study showed that the separation of lignocellulosic coconut coir biomass using gamma irradiation could produce higher levels of glucose and lignin separation and affect the chemical structure of cellulosic biomass
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