Electrodialytic separation of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for monitoring of soil extraction was studied. The sensitivity was improved by in-line purification of the solutions and bi-polar pulse cleaning. The detection limit for both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) was 0.01 µg L-1. The system was successfully used to monitor the concentration change during soil extraction with dual solution line filtration. The results demonstrate the difference in concentration changes with the different sources of Cr(VI).
A monoclinic ferroelectric phase with the space group Pm has been discovered in lead-free (Na0.5K0.45Li0.05)NbO3 solid solution ceramics synthesized by a malic acid complex solution method. At ambient temperature, the lattice parameters of this monoclinic structure were . The average and local structures of this monoclinic phase were analyzed by synchrotron X-ray measurements. The average structure maintained the monoclinic structure down to 20 K, although the local structure changed below room temperature. The distinct short-range order structure was found to be rhombohedral. The results demonstrate the presence of an order–disorder-type phase transition structurally bridging between the rhombohedral local structure and the low-symmetry monoclinic average structure in a (Na0.5K0.45Li0.05)NbO3 solid solution system.
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