Fast and reliable detection of patients with severe and heterogeneous illnesses is a major goal of precision medicine1,2. Patients with leukaemia can be identified using machine learning on the basis of their blood transcriptomes3. However, there is an increasing divide between what is technically possible and what is allowed, because of privacy legislation4,5. Here, to facilitate the integration of any medical data from any data owner worldwide without violating privacy laws, we introduce Swarm Learning—a decentralized machine-learning approach that unites edge computing, blockchain-based peer-to-peer networking and coordination while maintaining confidentiality without the need for a central coordinator, thereby going beyond federated learning. To illustrate the feasibility of using Swarm Learning to develop disease classifiers using distributed data, we chose four use cases of heterogeneous diseases (COVID-19, tuberculosis, leukaemia and lung pathologies). With more than 16,400 blood transcriptomes derived from 127 clinical studies with non-uniform distributions of cases and controls and substantial study biases, as well as more than 95,000 chest X-ray images, we show that Swarm Learning classifiers outperform those developed at individual sites. In addition, Swarm Learning completely fulfils local confidentiality regulations by design. We believe that this approach will notably accelerate the introduction of precision medicine.

AbstractIdentification of patients with life-threatening diseases including leukemias or infections such as tuberculosis and COVID-19 is an important goal of precision medicine. We recently illustrated that leukemia patients are identified by machine learning (ML) based on their blood transcriptomes. However, there is an increasing divide between what is technically possible and what is allowed because of privacy legislation. To facilitate integration of any omics data from any data owner world-wide without violating privacy laws, we here introduce Swarm Learning (SL), a decentralized machine learning approach uniting edge computing, blockchain-based peer-to-peer networking and coordination as well as privacy protection without the need for a central coordinator thereby going beyond federated learning. Using more than 14,000 blood transcriptomes derived from over 100 individual studies with non-uniform distribution of cases and controls and significant study biases, we illustrate the feasibility of SL to develop disease classifiers based on distributed data for COVID-19, tuberculosis or leukemias that outperform those developed at individual sites. Still, SL completely protects local privacy regulations by design. We propose this approach to noticeably accelerate the introduction of precision medicine.

Becker et al. Memory-driven computing 2Next generation sequencing (NGS) is the driving force behind precision medicine and is revolutionizing most, if not all, areas of the life sciences. Particularly when targeting the major common diseases, an exponential growth of NGS data is foreseen for the next decades. This enormous increase of NGS data and the need to process the data quickly for real-world applications requires to rethink our current compute infrastructures. Here we provide evidence that memory-driven computing (MDC), a novel memory-centric hardware architecture, is an attractive alternative to current processor-centric compute infrastructures. To illustrate how MDC can change NGS data handling, we used RNA-seq assembly and pseudoalignment followed by quantification as two first examples. Adapting transcriptome assembly pipelines for MDC reduced compute time by 5.9-fold for the first step (SAMtools). Even more impressive, pseudoalignment by near-optimal probabilistic RNA-seq quantification (kallisto) was accelerated by more than two orders of magnitude with identical accuracy and indicated 66% reduced energy consumption. One billion RNA-seq reads were processed in just 92 seconds. Clearly, MDC simultaneously reduces data processing time and energy consumption. Together with the MDC-inherent solutions for local data privacy, a new compute model can be projected pushing large scale NGS data processing and primary data analytics closer to the edge by directly combining high-end sequencers with local MDC, thereby also reducing movement of large raw data to central cloud storage. We further envision that other data-rich areas will similarly benefit from this new memory-centric compute architecture.Next generation sequencing (NGS) and its manifold applications are transforming the life and medical sciences 1,2,3,4 as reflected by an exponential 860-fold increase in published data sets during the last 10 years ( Fig. 1a). Considering only human genome sequencing, the increase in genomic data over the next decade has been estimated to reach more than three Exabyte (3x10 18 byte) 5 . NGS data are projected to become on par either with data collections such as in astronomy or YouTube or the most demanding in terms of data acquisition, storage, distribution, and analysis 5 . In addition, since one of the cornerstones of genomics research and application is comparative analysis between different samples, long-term storage of genomic data will be mandatory. To cope with this data avalanche, so far, compute power is simply increased by building larger high-performance computing (HPC) clusters (more processors/cores), and by scaling out and centralizing data storage (cloud solutions) 6,7 . While currently still legitimate, it can already be foreseen that this approach is not sustainable. Centralized storage and computing leads to increased data movement, data duplication, and additional risks to data security and privacy. This is of particular interest given recent data privacy laws that have been put in place (e.g. th...

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Research is increasingly becoming data-driven, and natural sciences are not an exception. In both biology and medicine, we are observing an exponential growth of structured data collections from experiments and population studies, enabling us to gain novel insights that would otherwise not be possible. However, these growing data sets pose a challenge for existing compute infrastructures since data is outgrowing limits within compute. In this work, we present the application of a novel approach, Memory-Driven Computing (MDC), in the life sciences. MDC proposes a data-centric approach that has been designed for growing data sizes and provides a composable infrastructure for changing workloads. In particular, we show how a typical pipeline for genomics data processing can be accelerated, and application modifications required to exploit this novel architecture. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the isolated evaluation of individual tasks misses significant overheads of typical pipelines in genomics data processing.