Objectives: To document the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance of clinically important bacteria in the seawater of Gaza strip-Palestine.Methods: Seawater samples were collected at 16 location distributed along the coast of the Gaza strip. Sampling was accomplished during 12 months, from March 2014 to June 2015. The microbial composition including Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, fecal streptococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recorded and tested for their resistance to specific antimicrobial agents according to CLSI using the disc diffusion method.Results: A total of 816 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae (377), S. aureus (29), fecal enterococci (FS) (369), and P. aeruginosa (29) were recovered and identified. Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa, FS and S. aureus isolates exhibited the highest rates of resistance against β-lactam drugs. The isolates also showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial in the range between 99.7 to 78%. Multiple resistance occurred in almost 85% of all isolates; 99.2% of Enterobacteriaceae, 96.6% of P. aeruginosa, 72.1% of FS and 61% of S.aureus. The incidence of multiple resistance of isolates from all sampling locations ranged from 69.2 to 94.1%. Antibiotic resistance indices were found to be highest in P. aeruginosa (0.57), followed by E. coli (0.53), FS (0.49), Enterobacter (0.41), S. marcescens (0.40), Klebsiella (0.39) and
Due to mediatic outbreaks occurred in France at the end of the 90's, a national proactive strategy for the control of Legionella both in the cooling towers and hot water distribution networks in public buildings has been defined. Regulations and guidelines were put into force from 1999 until recently, covering other possible reservoirs, including active surveillance of clinical cases, mandatory sampling and quantitative numerations of Legionella pneumophila, control measures and reporting. The results described in this article present the epidemiological situation and the actual decrease of the number of clinical cases, illustrating the efficacy of this strategy and the disappearance of outbreaks despite numerous remaining isolated cases without reported origin.
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