A force sensor plays major role in robotics, wearable electronics and meteorological applications. Three dimensional (3D) printing is an exceptional technology and provides easy and economical fabrication process for the force sensors. Some salient features of 3D printing and development of force sensors in recent times have been represented in this paper. All possible forms of force sensors, for instance flexible, transparent, stretchable and highly sensitive can be developed using 3D printing technologies in an economical, quick and environmental-friendly approach. Over the years, fused deposition modeling (FDM) is gaining attention for the fabrication of force sensors. Also, due to advancements in materials and fabrication process, these sensors are being developed with enormous benefits. Some recent developments include flexible capacitive force sensor, wearable sensor and tactile sensor that are popular with 3D printing.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been extensively explored due to their incredible capabilities and ever-growing field of applications. In cluster-based WSNs, cluster heads (CHs) deplete their energy quickly due to the extra workload of data aggregation and data forwarding as relay node from the member sensor nodes (SNs). While placing the RNs in the application areas to form the clusters, coverage of all the SNs and connectivity amongst the RNs are essential for proper function of the networks. Moreover, reducing the inter-cluster distances between the RNs and SNs is important to save the transmission energy of the SNs. Moreover, the problem of placement of RNs in cluster-based WSNs is known as NP-Hard. To solve the RN deployment problem with multiple conflicting objectives, we propose various evolutionary algorithms (EAs) like differential evolution (DE), particle swarm optimization (PSO), multi-objective DE (MODE) and multi-objective PSO (MOPSO). First, mathematical formulation of the problem is given. The solution vectors are efficiently encoded. All the objective functions are efficiently derived to evaluate the solution vectors. An extensive simulation is performed over the proposed algorithms. The results are analysed to determine the robust algorithm to be recommended for studied problem. The simulated results claimed that the MODE is comparably better to others for the studied problem. A statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also performed followed by the least significant difference (LSD) post-hoc analysis.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.