Nanotechnology has rapidly developed as an important field of modern research, generating most promising applications in electronics and medicine. It involves different approaches for the synthesis and application of nanoparticles having dimension smaller than 100 nm. Nanoparticles are the fundamental building blocks for preparing many nanostructured materials and devices. Therefore, there is an enormous interest in developing safe, cost effective and ecofriendly techniques for synthesis of nanoparticles. Biological synthesis has emerged as an attractive alternative to overcome the side effects accompanied with physical and chemical methods of synthesis. This led to the development of new branch of nanotechnology called "green nanotechnology" or "nanobiotechnology" which combines biological principles with physical and chemical procedures to generate eco-friendly nanosized particles with specific functions. Various biological entities could be employed for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles including plant, algae, fungi, yeast, bacteria and viruses. Recently, much attention has been given on exploring fungi as potent biofactories for synthesis of silver nanoparticles since they possess numerous bioactive properties which find variety of applications in the field of biomedicine. Its use in the form of effective antimicrobial agent and disinfectant is known since time immemorial. The present chapter emphasize on the richness of endophytic fungal diversity and their role in biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. It gives detailed overview about the mechanism of synthesis, characterization techniques involved in analysis of silver nanoparticles and biomedical application of silver nanoparticles with special reference to their antimicrobial potential.
Human beings are considered to be nose breathers but various reasons can force them to adapt by breathing through their mouth instead of nose, and this can have extensive consequences. Breathing through both nose and mouth provide lungs with oxygen but with extremely dissimilar effects on the body and with different levels of oxygen supply. Mouth breathing as a habitual respiration through the mouth instead of the nose. Mouth breathing results in a wide spectrum of consequences. These consequences involve different areas of the body which include mouth, craniofacial development, upper and lower airway. Mouth breathing can be considered as the most obvious manifestation of a syndromic pattern. Mouth breathing habit generally have severe effects on the growth of the facial skeleton and also on the occlusion of teeth on account of the displacement of normal lateral, buccal and lingual muscular forces. The pathogenesis of mouth breathing habit is complex and multifactorial. Mouth breathing is best managed by using a multidisciplinary approach where the specialists include pediatrician, physicians, pediatric dentists and ear-nose-throat (ENT) specialists. Since there is a close correlation between oral breathing and dento-facial in harmonies, the pediatrician and pediatric dentist should work together after an early identification of an oral breathing in a child. This review article aims to survey the scientific literature in regarding prevalence, etiology, consequences and treatments for mouth breathing in order to update the healthcare professionals regarding the recognition of this syndrome and sensitize them looking for an early and comprehensive intervention.
All organisms are protected by their immune system but occasionally this system overreacts leading to allergic and inflammatory reactions in the body. These reactions are the starting points of various diseases like asthma, eczema and urticaria etc. They involve activation of T cells, release of histamines, toxic chemicals from mast cells and eosinophils respectively. Several chemically and naturally synthesized therapeutic agents are available for the treatment of these immunological diseases. The present review provides a detailed account of mechanism of allergic and inflammatory reactions, its types and various treatment strategies with a special focus on some recent patents in this field.
A
bstract
Introduction
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 on January 1, 2020. For dental practices and hospitals in countries/regions that are (potentially) affected with COVID-19, strict and effective infection control protocols are urgently needed.
Aim and objective
To investigate knowledge and perception of COVID-19 among pedodontists in India.
Population and methods
A quick online cross-sectional study was conducted among 335 pedodontists in India. The questionnaire was sent to 410 pedodontists in India, out of those 335 responded. The study objective and questionnaire were sent to pedodontists via “Google Forms”. The collected data were sent for appropriate statistics.
Results
Of the total participants, 82% of pedodontists think that children are silent carriers of COVID-19. Sixty-two percent of pedodontists say that it is very difficult to treat pediatric dental patients by use of a personal protective equipment (PPE) kit. Sixty-four percent of pedodontists will overcome this financial crisis by increasing working time and 36% of them by increasing the cost of treatment.
Conclusion
The role of pedodontists in preventing the transmission of COVID-19 is critically important. Pedodontists’ role in the prevention of COVID-19 is crucial.
How to cite this article
Sajjanar A, Rojekar N, Gahlod N,
et al.
Knowledge and Perception of COVID-19 among Pedodontists in India: A Quick Online Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(S-1):S98–S101.
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