Summary1. Animal malformations engender wide public and scientific concern because of associated environmental health risks. This is highlighted by increased incidence of limb malformations in amphibians associated with trematode infections and disturbance. Malformations may signal new emerging disease threats, but whether the phenomenon is broadly applicable across taxa, or has population-scale impacts, is unknown. 2. Malformations are widely reported in fish and, until now, have been attributed mainly to contaminants. We tested whether the trematode Telogaster opisthorchis caused severe malformations, leading to population effects, in Galaxias anomalus, a threatened New Zealand freshwater fish. 3. Experimental infection of larval fish caused increasing spinal malformation and mortality with infection intensity that closely matched field patterns. Field malformation frequency peaked in January (65%), before declining sharply in February (25%) and remaining low thereafter. 4. The peak occurred during a 'critical window' of larval development, with the decline coincident with a population crash, indicating that malformation was causing mortality in the field. 5. The occurrence of such critical developmental windows may explain why this mechanism of population impact has been overlooked. With global environmental stressors predicted to enhance trematode infections, our results show that parasite-induced malformation, and its populationscale impacts, could be more widespread than previously considered.

In this paper, the authors explore the range of cognitive, affective, and behavioural outcomes of consuming prestigious sports event experiences. The authors obtained means-end chains from 19 individuals from across a range of ages and both genders. A total of 39 examples of events were discussed by participants encompassing 25 unique events and 11 different sports. Outcomes were multi-dimensional. At the cognitive level, consumers developed outer-and inner-directed outcomes. At the affective level, prestigious sports events made consumers feel positive emotions, while at the same time energising them to attend in order to avoid negative emotional states. At the behavioural level, four types of outcomes served as a consequence of attending prestigious events: patronage, financial, communication and experiential. By recognising the multiple outcomes associated with the consumption of prestigious sports event experiences, managers will be better equipped to design experiences that satisfy consumer requirements.

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