Aging is a degenerative, biological, time-dependent, universally conserved process thus designed as one of the highest known risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Every individual has its own aging mechanisms as both environmental conditions (75%) and genetics (25%) account for aging. Several theories have been proposed until now but not even a single theory solves this mystery. There are still some queries un-answered to the scientific community regarding mechanisms behind aging. However, oxidative stress theory (OST) is considered one of the famous theories that sees mitochondria as one of the leading organelles which largely contribute to the aging process. Many reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced endogenously and exogenously that are associated with aging. But the mitochondrial ROS contribute largely to the aging process as mitochondrial dysfunction due to oxidative stress is considered one of the contributors toward aging. Although ROS is known to damage cell machinery, new evidence suggests their role in signal transduction to regulate biological and physiological processes. Moreover, besides mitochondria, other important cell organelles such as peroxisome and endoplasmic reticulum also produce ROS that contribute to aging. However, nature has provided humans with free radical scavengers called antioxidants that protect from harmful effects of ROS. Future predictions regarding aging, biochemical mechanisms involved, biomarkers internal and external factors can be easily done with machine learning algorithms and other computational models. This review explains important aspects of aging, the contribution of ROS producing organelles in aging, importance of antioxidants fighting against ROS, different computational models developed to understand the complexities of the aging.

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Medicinal plants have been conventionally used to sustain health and treat many diseases such as diabetes for years.  Spinacia oleracea L., common name palak, belong to the class Amaranths and family Amaranthaceous. It is used as an anti-bacterial, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective agent. In this study, methanol, ethanol, n-hexane and aqueous extracts of the Spinacia oleracea leaf were used to evaluate antioxidant contents, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity (inhibition of glycation, alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase, acetylchlinesterase). Additionally, identification of bioactive compounds and functional groups was done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among all the extracts, total phenol and flavonoid contents were 32.09 ± 0.99 g GAE/100 g to 78.38 ± 1.15 g GAE/100 g and 22.77 ± 0.16 g CE/100 g to 54.56 ± 0.87 g CE/100 g. While DPPH reducing activity range was 45.14% -75.77%. Methanol extract was most potent as it extracted maximum antioxidant contents. Glycation and alpha amylase inhibition percentages were 15.31 to 34.28 and 19.83-36.32 among all tested samples of spinach. Whereas, 12.67-43.77% and 17.3% to 28.04% blocking of alpha glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase activities were observed. HPLC analysis identified various flavonoids and phenolics acids such as quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, sinopic acid, cinnamic acid. FTIR showed that S. oleracea contains several phenols, amines, alkaloids, alcohols and fluoro compounds in the methanolic leaves extract. This research indicated that S. oleracea has wide potential to be further investigated in the future and it can prove as a wonderful natural drug for healthcare systems in the upcoming years.

In order to conclude the efficiency of a plant for a specific ailment, its phytochemicals are evaluated using different scientific procedures. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the bioactive compounds and biological activities of Elettaria cardamomum seeds extract and nanosuspension. Nanosuspensions were formed using nano-precipitation method. Among bioactivities, antioxidant property was measured through total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated through alpha-amylase inhibition and antiglycation assays. Cytotoxicity and antibiofilm activity was determined using the hemolytic assay and micro-titer dish assay respectively. For functional groups and structural characterization FTIR was performed. In TPC and TFC the results showed 358.89 and 126.27 mg gallic acid equivalent to 100gram dry weight, 137.78 and 65.145 mg catechin equivalent to 100gram dry weight for nanosuspensions and extract respectively. Whereas the DPPH inhibition was 31.3% and 32.1% for nanosuspensions and extract respectively. Nanosuspensions and extract showed growth resistance against E. coli i.e. 68.12% and 64.09% respectively. Cardamom seeds nanosuspension and extract showed 55.77% and 55.15% antidiabetic property through glycation inhibition. According to alpha amylase inhibition analysis 51.67% and 33.67% inhibiting property of nanosuspension and extract was observed. Hemolytic assay gave 18% and 32% hemolysis by using nanosuspension and extract. The nanosuspension that showed existence of sulfoxides, fluoro compounds, amines, phenols, alkaloids and alcohols as determined by FTIR.  In order to do this seeds were obtained and ethanol extract was formulated. This study showed that nanosuspensions and extract prepared from Elettaria cardamomum exhibited enhanced bioactivities and further research is essential to determine remarkable characteristics and pharmacological potentials of these unique seeds.