This research seeks to validate climate change in the district of Nowshera, as well as its impact on NDVI (vegetation) and hydrological events such as monsoon rains. Modified Mann-Kendall and Sen's statistics were used to examine climate parameters. Using climate factors and MODIS NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data, regression analysis was used to study a 20-year spatiotemporal climate-vegetation relationship (2001–2020). Landsat 5 and 7 NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) data, as well as SRTM DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data, were used to map extreme weather events such as floods caused by climate change. For mapping and data processing, ArcGIS and R tools were used. The findings revealed significant trends in climate parameters, which has led to climate change in the area, affecting NDVI and water cycles. The NDVI showed a generally good trend, however some places were damaged. Monsoon rain patterns and rates have been substantially disrupted, resulting in flash and fluvial floods. The risk of future floods owing to the Kabul and Indus rivers was shown through watershed delineation, which is compounded by climate change and anthropogenic activities. It is advised that government officials and policymakers establish climate change mitigation plans for regional sustainable development and vegetation restoration.
Broomrape (Orobanche cernua L.) is an obligate root parasitic weed that significantly reduces the qualitative and yield attributes of tomatoes globally. The efficient management of broomrape is challenging because of its complicated parasitic nature. Field trials were conducted to assess the influence of various irrigation scheduling and weed control strategies on broomrape, weed presence, and tomato productivity. The experiment was conducted with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement and was replicated three times. Three irrigation intervals (3, 6, and 9 days) were assigned to the main block, while sub-blocks including treatments and year were taken as the source of variance (year × irrigation timing × treatments). The experiment comprised sixteen treatments, including transparent polythene, black polythene, weedy check (Control), sole weeding of broomrape only, weeding of all weeds, weeding except broomrape, humic acid 25 kg ha−1+ copper oxychloride in single and split doses, copper oxychloride (1.5 kg a.i ha−1 in single and split doses), ammonium sulphate 200 kg ha−1 in single and split doses, copper sulfate (2 kg ha−1 in single/split doses), and glyphosate 48 SL (1.5 kg a.i ha−1) and pendimethalin 33 EC (1.44 kg a.i ha−1). The results revealed that among the various irrigation intervals, the highest broomrape intensity (4.34 plant−1) was observed with a9-day irrigation interval. Similarly, the highest weed density (35 m−2) resulted in a3-day irrigation interval. Furthermore, irrigation at a 6-day interval increased the plant height by 11%, fruit yield tons ha−1 by 24.9 %, and produced the highest cost/benefit ratio (CBR) of (1:4). Black polythene, transparent polythene, and pendimethalin reduced the weed density by 92%, 89%, and 84%;weed dry biomass by 97%, 95%, and 91%; and broomrape intensity by 67%, 77%, and 28%. Conversely, the plant height increased by 24%, 23%, and 23.6%; and fruit yield by 286%, 270%, and 191%; and had the highest CBR of 1:5, 1:4, and 1:4, respectively, as compared to the weedy check. Consequently, an increase in irrigation frequency increases other weed densities and decreases the broomrape intensity plant−1 of tomato. Therefore, black polythene could be recommended in a severely broomrape-infested field. Moreover, irrigation at 6-day intervals combined with pendimethalin and ammonium sulfate fertilizers revealed the lowest incidence of broomrape and other weeds and produced an economic yield.
An ethno-botanical study was carried out to consolidate knowledge on folk uses of plant resources of Hazar Nao Hills, District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Data were recorded from February 2019 to March 2020 by collecting old information from the local inhabitants including old age males, females and herbalists about different uses of plant resources. Data were collected through a well-structured questionnaire by interviewing 150 local men, women, and herbalists. As per our data, 72 vascular plant species, belonging to 45 different families and 56 genera were used by the local people for diverse native uses. Of all families recorded in this study, except two, all belong to Spermatophyta, a major division of plant kingdom. With regard to the habits of plant species recorded in the area, 36 were herbs, 10 shrubs, 25 trees and one pteridophyte. On a percentage basis, the total plant species (72) collected from the study area comprised 49% herbs, 14% shrubs, 34% trees, and 1% pteridophyte. The highest numbers of species recorded were from families Lamiaceae (5 spp.) and Poaceae (5 spp.) followed by families Euphorbiaceae (4 spp.), Moraceae (4 spp), and Polygonaceae (4 spp). Overall, the field scrutiny showed that overgrazing, deforestation, unscientific collection and agricultural expansion, as well as their considerable use for feed or medicinal purposes are the factors causing a significant decline of native vegetation. Thus, continuous work on plant resources and conservation of Hazar Nao Hills is imperatively needed.
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