Background and Aims:Early graft function is crucial for successful kidney transplantation. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of intra-operative central venous pressure (CVP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) on early graft function and biochemical outcome.Material and Methods:This was a retrospective study carried out on patients undergoing renal transplant only from live-related donors between March 2011 and May 2013. We mainly divided the patients into two groups based on CVP and mean MAP. One group had CVP more than 12 and other with CVP <12 mmHg at the time of declamping. Further one group was with mean MAP >100 mmHg and other with mean MAP of <100 mmHg. The graft outcome of genetically related and genetically unrelated donors was also evaluated in early postoperative period. The trend in fall of serum creatinine was studied during the first five post-operative days. The effect of age, dry weight, sex, relation with donor and intraoperative factors like MAP and CVP on early graft function were analysed. Correlation analysis, analysis of variance test (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis technique were used in this study for statistical computation.Results:The mean CVP at the time of declamping was 13.91 mmHg. The minimum CVP was 6 mmHg in one patient who had ischemic heart disease with low ejection fraction. All 5 days mean serum creatinine values were comparable in two groups on 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th postoperative days. The mean MAP at the time of declamping was 111.22 mmHg. Mean MAP varied from a minimum of 95 mmHg to maximum of 131 mmHg. There was no significant difference in two groups on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th postoperative days.Conclusion:A CVP around 12 mmHg and mean MAP >95 mmHg with good perioperative fluid hydration is associated with good early graft function.
In the present review, farmyard manure is explained as a perfect source of nutrients for plant growth as well as for soil microbiota. It is one of the efficient and effective organic manures. It can provide organic matter to soil microbes as a source of carbon. An increase in microbial population leads to the degradation of pesticides and heavy metals to less harmful compounds. In addition to it, ions of harmful elements get adsorb on organic colloids and become immobile in soil. Application of farmyard manure not only increases the availability of nutrients in the soil but also improves the soil properties like soil structure, water holding capacity, bulk density, cation exchange capacity, etc. Studies revealed that farmyard manure is an excellent organic manure for sustaining good soil health along with achieving desired food production.
Organic agriculture comes from the conscious efforts of people who are inspired to create the best possible relationship between the earth and humans. Since its inception, the sphere surrounding organic farming has become much more complex. The introduction of legumes into crop rotation is not a new concept, legumes such as peas and chickpeas were introduced into cereal-related crop rotation during the Harappan period of the chalcolithic period at the end of 3000 BC. The grain yield after legumes in the grain system is 30 to 35% higher than the grain in the crop chain. Legumes play a unique role in organic farming systems because of their deep root system, ability to fix nitrogen, and the ability to rotate and rotate systems.
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