Introduction: Medical school is recognized as a stressful environment that may have a negativeeffect on a student’s academic performance, health, and psychosocial well-being. This could furtherimpact future health professionals’ attitudes and compromise patients’ care. This study aims to findout various sources of stress for medical and dental students to help prevent many future healthproblems in a student’s life. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study done in Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairhawa,Nepal, among undergraduate final year bachelor of medicine and bachelor of surgery and third andfourth year (phase I and phase II) dental students, using a questionnaire with Likert’s scale. Dataobtained was tabulated and analyzed using analysis of variance. Results: Results showed that stress during exam 210 (92.9%) and preparation phase 200 (88.5%) stoodout as the maximum stressors for our study group. The least stress-causing element was recorded asterms with seniors 45 (19.9%), adjustment with roommates 52 (23.01%), and competing with peers69 (30.53%). Length of course 187 (82.74%), understanding the course 173 (76.55%), reading severaltextbooks 171 (75.66%), and work overload 165 (73.01%) amounted to significant stressors. Conclusions: Stress has a detrimental effect both on health as well as academic performance. Thestressors at the campus should be identified and proper coping assistance should be provided toindividual students. Systemic efforts are needed to address their concerns and make mental healthcare easily accessible to them. Counseling and awareness are recommended.

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Background: For a successful inferior alveolar nerve block, good knowledge of position of mandibular foramen is imperative. Objectives: To evaluate the position of mandibular foramen in relation to mandibular occlusal plane and anterior border of ramus in a selected population of children in Nepal using digital panoramic radiographs. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was done after ethical approval in convenient sample of 180 children of 3-13 years in department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dhulikhel Hospital from January 2021 to August 2021. Their digital panoramic radiographs were analysed using software Rainbow TM Image Viewer version 1.0.0.0. Mean with standard deviation were calculated for linear measurements taken from mandibular foramen to mandibular occlusal plane and deepest point on the anterior border of ramus. Paired t-test was used to compare measurements between right and left sides. Student t-test was used to evaluate the difference between boys and girls. Pearson correlation was used to observe the correlation of age with the linear measurements. Results: The mean linear measurements increased along with the increase in age (p <0.05). There was statistically significant difference in linear measurements between the two sides of mandible except in 3-4 years children for mandibular foramen to anterior border of ramus which was not significant (p = 0.090). There was no significant difference in linear measurements between boys and girls. Conclusion: For inferior alveolar nerve block, the needle should be placed below the occlusal plane in children up to seven years of age and above for higher ages.

Aim: Orthodontic treatment is routinely carried out in patients with the purpose of correcting various forms of dental malocclusions. Retraction of the canines can be achieved either individually or along with incisor. Pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) is regarded as the true independent indicator of disease activity. Hence, we undertook the present study to assess and compare the level of PTX-3 in patients undergoing canine retraction with active tieback and Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) coil spring. Materials and methods:The present study included assessment of 25 patients that underwent canine retraction as a part of fixed orthodontic treatment. In the maxillary right and left quadrant, active tieback and NiTi coil spring were used respectively. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected 1 hour prior to the commencement of orthodontic canine retraction procedure followed by collection at following time intervals: 1 hour, 1, 7, and 14 days after the start of canine retraction procedure. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used for analysis of the samples as per manufacturer's instructions. All the data were recorded and compiled. All the results were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Results Conclusion:In comparison to the active tieback, NiTi coil exhibited faster space closure rate. Clinical significance:In patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, PTX-3 is associated with periodontal remodeling under the effect of orthodontic forces.