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Polyphenols constitute a family of natural substances distributed widely in plant kingdom. These are produced as secondary metabolites by plants and so far 8000 representatives of this family have been identified. Recently, there is an increased interest in the polyphenols because of the evidence of their role in prevention of degenerative diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Although a large number of drugs are available in the market for treatment of these diseases, however, the emphasis these days is on the exploitation of natural principles derived from plants. Most polyphenols show low in vivo bioavailability thus limiting their application for oral drug delivery. This low bioavailability could be associated with low aqueous solubility, first pass effect, metabolism in GIT, or irreversible binding to cellular DNA and proteins. Therefore, there is a need to devise strategies to improve oral bioavailability of polyphenols. Various approaches like nanosizing, self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS), microencapsulation, complexation, and solid dispersion can be used to increase the bioavailability. This paper will highlight the various methods that have been employed till date for the solubility enhancement of various polyphenols so that a suitable drug delivery system can be formulated.

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Background A systematic understanding of the burden of neurological disorders at the subnational level is not readily available for India. We present a comprehensive analysis of the disease burden and trends of neurological disorders at the state level in India.Methods Using all accessible data from multiple sources, we estimated the prevalence or incidence and disabilityadjusted life-years (DALYs) for neurological disorders from 1990 to 2019 for all states of India as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019. We assessed the contribution of each neurological disorder to deaths and DALYs in India in 2019, their trends in prevalence or incidence and DALY rates over time, and heterogeneity between the states of India. We also assessed the Pearson correlation coefficient between Sociodemographic Index (SDI) of the states and the prevalence or incidence and DALY rates of each neurological disorder. Additionally, we estimated the contribution of known risk factors to DALYs from neurological disorders. We calculated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for the mean estimates. Findings The contribution of non-communicable neurological disorders to total DALYs inIndia doubled from 4•0% (95% UI 3•2-5•0) in 1990 to 8•2% (6•6-10•2) in 2019, and the contribution of injury-related neurological disorders increased from 0•2% (0•2-0•3) to 0•6% (0•5-0•7). Conversely, the contribution of communicable neurological disorders decreased from 4•1% (3•5-4•8) to 1•1% (0•9-1•5) during the same period. In 2019, the largest contributors to the total neurological disorder DALYs in India were stroke (37•9% [29•9-46•1]), headache disorders (17•5% [3•6-32•5]), epilepsy (11•3% [9•0-14•3]), cerebral palsy (5•7% [4•2-7•7]), and encephalitis (5•3% [3•7-8•9]). The crude DALY rate of several neurological disorders had considerable heterogeneity between the states in 2019, with the highest variation for tetanus (93•2 times), meningitis (8•3 times), and stroke (5•5 times). SDI of the states had a moderate significant negative correlation with communicable neurological disorder DALY rate and a moderate significant positive correlation with injury-related neurological disorder DALY rate in 2019. For most of the noncommunicable neurological disorders, there was an increase in prevalence or incidence from 1990 to 2019. Substantial decreases were evident in the incidence and DALY rates of communicable neurological disorders during the same period. Migraine and multiple sclerosis were more prevalent among females than males and traumatic brain injuries were more common among males than females in 2019. Communicable diseases contributed to the majority of total neurological disorder DALYs in children younger than 5 years, and non-communicable neurological disorders were the highest contributor in all other age groups. In 2019, the leading risk factors contributing to DALYs due to noncommunicable neurological disorders in India included high systolic blood pressure, air pollution, dietary risks, high fasting plasma glucose, and h...

Knowledge regarding emergency management of dental trauma is poor amongst school teachers. Therefore, we suggest that orientation to management of avulsed tooth be part of the teacher training education.