The green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles is an efficient, simple, and chemical-free method of producing nanoparticles. The present work reports the synthesis of Murraya koenigii-mediated ZrO2 nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) and their applications as a photocatalyst and antibacterial agent. Capping and stabilization of metal oxide nanoparticles were achieved by using Murraya koenigii leaf extract. The optical, structural, and morphological valance of the ZrO2 NPs were characterized using UV-DRS, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM with EDX, TEM, and XPS. An XRD analysis determined that ZrO2 NPs have a monoclinic structure and a crystallite size of 24 nm. TEM and FESEM morphological images confirm the spherical nature of ZrO2 NPs, and their distributions on surfaces show lower agglomerations. ZrO2 NPs showed high optical absorbance in the UV region and a wide bandgap indicating surface oxygen vacancies and charge carriers. The presence of Zr and O elements and their O=Zr=O bonds was categorized using EDX and FTIR spectroscopy. The plant molecules’ interface, bonding, binding energy, and their existence on the surface of ZrO2 NPs were established from XPS analysis. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using ZrO2 NPs was examined under visible light irradiation. The 94% degradation of toxic MB dye was achieved within 20 min. The antibacterial inhibition of ZrO2 NPs was tested against S. aureus and E. coli pathogens. Applications of bio-synthesized ZrO2 NPs including organic substance removal, pathogenic inhibitor development, catalysis, optical, and biomedical development were explored.
Water pollution is a serious concern for developing and undeveloped countries. Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants is an effective degradation method to restrain the green ecosystem. This research article presents a green, low-cost, and benevolent eco-friendly biosynthesis of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles using Curcuma longa plant extract. The UV and visible region absorbance of Co3O4 nanoparticles estimated the Co2+ and Co3+ transitions on the lattice oxygen, and their bandgap of 2.2 eV was confirmed from the UV-DRS spectroscopy. The cubic structure and spherical shape of Co3O4 nanoparticles were estimated by using XRD and TEM characterizations. Plant molecules aggregation and their agglomerations on the nanoparticles were established from FTIR and EDX spectroscopy. Multiple cobalt valences on the oxygen surfaces and their reaction, bonding, and binding energies were analyzed from XPS measurements. The biogenic Co3O4 nanoparticles were executed against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus—S. aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli—E. coli) bacteria. A gram-positive bacterial strain exhibited great resistivity on Co3O4 nanoparticles. Degradation of organic dye pollutants on the Co3O4 nanoparticles was performed against methylene blue (MB) dye under the conditions of visible light irradiation. Dye degradation efficiency pseudo-first-order kinetics on the pseudo-first-order kinetics denotes the rate of degradation over the MB dye. This research work achieved enhanced degradation potency against toxic organic dye and their radicals are excited from visible light irradiations. Absorption light and charged particle recombinations are reformed and provoked by the plant extract bio-molecules. In this process, there is no inferior yield development, and electrons are robustly stimulated. Furthermore, the biosynthesized Co3O4 nanoparticles determined the potency of bacterial susceptibility and catalytic efficacy over the industrial dye pollutants.
The issue of preserving fresh food during the transportation is one of the long-standing issues for food distributors. On the other hand, the issue of vehicle routing is one of the most important issues in distribution management. Affecting the quality of food is the distribution process, which reduces the distribution time through vehicle routing plays an important role in reducing food spoilage. Therefore, in this study, the problem of vehicle routing in the distribution of perishable food materials is investigated. The time is different so that the distance is minimized and the capacities and time windows are not violated. This research aims to find facilities, identify the size of each cargo, and establish the most efficient vehicle routes to reduce overall costs at three levels in the event of a system failure. Undoubtedly, the traveling salesman issue is one of the most famous issues in the field of artificial intelligence.
The adoption and implementation of environment management system (EMS) has garnered a lot of interest among organizations all around the world. Adoption and implementation of EMS entail number of benefits to the companies from energy efficiency, waste reduction, improved sustainability etc. However, adoption of environment management practices may not yield direct benefits in short run for Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Therefore, it is crucial to understand as to what influence the adoption and implementation of environment management practices. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that contribute to the adoption and implementation of environment management practices in small & medium manufacturing companies in India. 219 senior managers were surveyed from seventy-eight manufacturing companies from Noida Industrial area NCR, India. Application of factor analysis found four factors significantly contributing to the adoption and implementation of environment management practices in manufacturing companies in India.
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