The multisystem effects of SARS-CoV-2 encompass the thyroid gland as well. Emerging evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can act as a trigger for subacute thyroiditis (SAT). We conducted a systematic literature search using PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar to identify cases of subacute thyroiditis associated with COVID-19 and evaluated patient-level demographics, major clinical features, laboratory findings and outcomes. In the 21 cases that we reviewed, the mean age of patients was 40.0 ± 11.3 years with a greater female preponderance (71.4%). Mean number days between the start of COVID-19 illness and the appearance of SAT symptoms were 25.2 ± 10.1. Five patients were confirmed to have ongoing COVID-19, whereas the infection had resolved in 16 patients before onset of SAT symptoms. Fever and neck pain were the most common presenting complaints (81%). Ninety-four percent of patients reported some type of hyperthyroid symptoms, while the labs in all 21 patients (100%) confirmed this with low TSH and high T3 or T4. Inflammatory markers were elevated in all cases that reported ESR and CRP. All 21 cases (100%) had ultrasound findings suggestive of SAT. Steroids and anti-inflammatory drugs were the mainstay of treatment, and all patients reported resolution of symptoms; however, 5 patients (23.8%) were reported to have a hypothyroid illness on follow-up. Large-scale studies are needed for a better understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, but current evidence suggests that clinicians need to recognize the possibility of SAT both in ongoing and resolved COVID-19 infection to optimize patient care.

Objective IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and IgA vasculitis (IgAV) are part of a similar clinical spectrum. Both clinical conditions occur with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review aims to recognize the novel association of IgAN and IgAV with COVID-19 and describe its underlying pathogenesis. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search and data extraction from PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results Our search identified 13 cases reporting IgAV and IgAN associated with COVID-19 infection and 4 cases of IgAN following COVID-19 vaccination. The mean, mode, and median ages of patients were 23.8, 4, and 8 years, respectively. Most cases associated with COVID-19 infection were reported in males (76.9%). Rash and purpura (84.6%) were the most common clinical features, followed by gastrointestinal symptoms (61.5%). In symptomatic cases, skin or renal biopsy and immunofluorescence confirmed the diagnosis of IgAN or IgAV. Most patients were treated with steroids and reported recovery or improvement; however, death was reported in two patients. Conclusion There is a paucity of scientific evidence on the pathogenesis of the association of IgAN and IgAV vasculitis with COVID-19, which thus needs further study. Current research suggests the role of IgA-mediated immune response, evidenced by early seroconversion to IgA in COVID-19 patients and the role of IgA in immune hyperactivation as the predominant mediator of the disease process. Clinicians, especially nephrologists and paediatricians, need to recognize this association, as this disease is usually self-limited and can lead to complete recovery if prompt diagnosis and treatment are provided.

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Myocarditis and pericarditis have been reported after COVID‐19 vaccine administration in children and adolescents, raising the concern about their possible association with these vaccines. The objective was to explore the incidence, clinical presentation, and association of myocarditis and pericarditis with COVID‐19 vaccines in children and adolescents. We conducted a systematic literature search on three databases, that is, Cochrane, MEDLINE/PubMed, and EMBASE from inception till March 2022. A total of three case reports, four case series, and six observational studies were included in the review. For case reports and case series, the mean age of the patients was 17.4 years, with 96.9% being male. Chest pain (n = 31, 93.9%), fever (n = 18, 54.5%), myalgias (n = 15, 45.4%) and headache (n = 9, 27.2%) were the most common presentations. Out of 33 patients, 32 (96.9%) of patients received Pfizer‐BioNTech whereas only one (3.03%) received Moderna (mRNA 1273). Clinical investigations revealed ST elevation (n = 32, 97%), and elevated CRP (n = 9, 27.2%) and cardiac troponin (n = 29, 87.8%). The pooled incidence of myocarditis and pericarditis from observational studies was (0.00063%) and (0.000074%) %, respectively. Myocarditis and pericarditis in children and adolescents after the COVID‐19 vaccines were more prevalent among males and more commonly observed after the second dose of Pfizer. Though the overall incidence was low, however, the clinicians should consider myocarditis and pericarditis as probable diagnosis when encountering young patients, with a history of vaccine administration, presenting with suggestive findings.

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Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common cause of stroke (after ischemic stroke) across the world and has significantly higher morbidity and mortality as compared to ischemic stroke and subarachnoid haemorrhage.1 Spontaneous (atraumatic) ICH occurs in up to 31 people per 100,000 globally and the incidence is even higher in Asian countries like Pakistan.2 Most patients experiencing spontaneous ICH have a history of occlusive vascular diseases like myocardial infarction (MI) and are consequently taking antithrombotic therapy (antiplatelets, anticoagulants) at the time of ICH occurrence. Antithrombotic therapy is usually halted for a certain period following ICH but data on the safety of therapy resumption is sparse and physicians largely use clinical judgment to weigh the benefit of therapy resumption against the risk of ICH recurrence. A randomized controlled trial called RESTART was published in The Lancet in 2019 to assess if restarting the ‘antiplatelet therapy only’ increased the risk of recurrent ICH. The trial suggested a slightly increased, but nonsignificant, risk of recurrent ICH but the results were limited by a short duration of follow-up. In the latter half of 2021, the extended follow-up of the RESTART trial was published in one of the most reputed Neurology journals i.e., JAMA Neurology.3 The trial recruited 537 participants with radiologically confirmed ICH and randomly allocated half patients to restart antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel) and half patients to avoid antiplatelets. The primary outcome was the recurrent ICH events during the follow-up time of up to 7 years (mean time = 3 years). Recurrent ICH occurred in 22/268 (8.2%) participants assigned to antiplatelet therapy compared with 25/268 (9.3%) participants assigned to avoid antiplatelet therapy (adjusted HR=0.87; 95% CI, 0.49-1.55; p-value = .64). This suggests that re-starting antiplatelet therapy indicated for other occlusive vascular diseases (e.g., MI, ischemic stroke) is safe in patients who suffer from ICH while they are on antiplatelet therapy. This conclusion is in line with some observational studies4,5 published on the same topic but RESTART remains the only clinical trial to provide credible evidence. The exact incidence of ICH is not known in Pakistan but trends from Asian countries suggest a higher occurrence as compared to the Western world.1 The primary reason for such high occurrence is the predisposition of the elderly population to cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension and obesity. Pakistan suffers from a very high burden of coronary artery disease and a significant number of elderly people are on preventive antiplatelet therapy (especially aspirin). Discontinuation of aspirin after an ICH episode in such patients may lead to an increased risk of MI and studies also suggest that survivors of ICH are more likely to suffer from MI and ischemic stroke.6 This trial provides reasonable reassurance to the medical community about the use of antiplatelet therapy after ICH if indicated for secondary prevention of major vascular events. Therefore, the dissemination of this information to physicians practising in Pakistan is of paramount importance.