The freshwater mussel Lamellidens corrianus (Lea 1834) is widely distributed in ponds and large bodies of perennial waters in the Indian subcontinent. It is one of the important species for producing freshwater pearls in India. As the freshwater pearl aquaculture activity may expand on wide scale in future, it may require collecting L. corrianus from the distant places and transport to pearl producing centres. Hence, in order to develop suitable method for transportation of L. corrianus to obtain high survival with minimum physiological stress, the present study was conducted. L. corrianus were transported by two different methods i.e. in air (in wet gunny bags) and in water (in plastic polyethylene bags containing water) to find out the best method for transportation. Glucose was chosen as the stress factor as the heightened circulating glucose levels may reflect the bivalve's ability to respond to weather extremes, handling stress or any recent environmental stress perceived to require extra energy. Experiments were conducted both under field as well as laboratory conditions, during the start of winter season, where regional temperature falls to 4-5°C below the average. Under the field experiment, L. corrianus (total length = 8.26 ± 0.34 cm; wet weight = 52.62 ± 3.18 g) were transported by road from Khopoli (Dist. Raigad, Maharashtra State) to Ratnagiri (Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra State) for 12 h in air and water (reservoir water temperature = 26.4°C). Under laboratory conditions, simulating air transportation was done in wet gunny bags (42.5 cm 9 62.5 cm), each bag containing 50 mussels (total length = 8.34 ± 0.46 cm; wet weight = 53.2 ± 3.24 g). Simulating water transportation was carried out using plastic polyethylene bags (45 cm 9 60 cm), with 50 mussels in five litres of water (water temperature = 26.5°C). At periodical intervals, glucose concentrations from mantle, gill and posterior adductor muscle were estimated. Under both field and laboratory conditions, glucose levels were significantly higher in mantle, gill and posterior adductor muscle tissue of L. corrianus transported in air when compared to that of water-transported mussels. Results showed that air transportation was comparatively more stressful than water transportation. However, cent per cent survival was obtained in the both methods just after transportation and after 7 days of transportation. Considering the absence of mortality in both methods, it can be concluded that the choice of the mussel transportation method is more economical dependent than biological dependent.
Summary This paper presents the comparative experimental and numerical study of heat exchange through tapers helical and spiral tube. The efficiency of heat exchange is increase the thermal performance as well as productivity. The main study was a focus on these two shapes of pipe at various process parameters like mass flow rate and inlet temperature conditions. Co‐relation equations were developed for both shapes of pipe with a linear fitting tool available in MATLAB coding software. Proper instrumentation and calibration were taken care in this work. The simple horizontal pipe was used to validate the experimental results with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results. Experimental validation proves that CFD is an effective tool for thermal performance investigation. The main conclusion of present work was that spiral tube displays enhanced thermal enhancement than the helical tube for all process conditions. Thermal contours are also developed for more detailed study on both shapes of the tube.
Rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae, Cav. is one of the major disease of rice and cause approximately 45-50 % yield losses. The present study was conducted at the experimental field of Krishi Vigyan Kendra Majhgawan, Satna (M.P.) during Kharif season of 2017-18 to know the efficacy of different foliar fungicides against blast disease of rice. Seven treatments including control with three replications were taken up by using RBD. The fungicides viz., azoxystrobin 18.2 % + difenoconazole 11.4 % (Amistar top 29.6 % SC) @ 0.13 % (T1), tebuconazole 50 % + trifloxystrobin 25 % (Nativo 75 % WG) @ 0.07 % (T2), carbendazim 12 % + mancozeb 63 % (Saaf 75 % WP) @ 0.2 % (T3), tebuconazole 25.9 % (Folicur 250 % EC) @ 0.2 % (T4), hexaconazole 5 % (Contaf plus 5 % SC) @ 0.2 % (T5), difenoconazole (Score 250 % EC) @ 0.06 % (T6) and control (Spray of plain water)-T7, were applied first at just after occurrence of disease symptoms and second at 15 days after the first spray. Observations were recorded at 10 days after the second spray. Analysis of the data showed that among the six fungicides, the minimum disease per cent intensity was recorded in T2 i.e. tebuconazole 50 % + trifloxystrobin 25 % (WG) 11.46 per cent, followed by T1 i.e. azoxystrobin 18.2 % + difenoconazole 11.4 % (SC) with 12.85 per cent, respectively. The highest per cent disease intensity of 69.40 per cent was observed in Control (Spray of normal water) treatment. Significantly highest grain yield was recorded in tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin 75 % (WG) sprayed treatment i.e. (4102.11 kg/ha), followed by azoxystrobin + difenoconazole 29.6 % (SC) (3967.28 kg/ha) and the lowest yield of 2116.23 kg/ha was recorded with untreated control.
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