The structural features of a new class of non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (3) are presented. Comparison of the structural and electronic properties with those of TIBO (1) and Nevirapine (2) yields a common three-dimensional model. This model permits the improvement of the lead compound 3 by chemical modification (5,6). Additionally, two new types of inhibitors (4, 7) with similar biological activity can be derived from this model. The structure of the new compounds, including their absolute configuration, are determined by X-ray crystallography.

A series of substituted 2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-a]isoindol-5(9bH)-ones and related compounds 1-73 were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immune deficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and replication of HIV-1 in MT2 cells. The antiviral activity of these compounds depends on the stereoselective configuration of the substituent in position 9b. Structure-activity studies were done within these series of compounds to determine the optimum substituents for antiviral activity. The most potent inhibitors were found in the class of 2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-a]isoindol-5(9bH)-ones bearing a phenyl ring system in position 9b optionally substituted with one or two methyl groups or a chlorine atom in position 8. The most active analogues (R)-(+)-1, (R)-(+)-6, (R)-(+)-13, (R)-(+)-26, and (R)-(+)-53 inhibit the HIV-1 RT with an IC50 between 16 and 300 nM and an IC50 between 10 and 392 nM in MT2 cells, respectively.

In an attempt to assess the structural requirements of hexahydro-sila-difenidol for potency and selectivity, a series of analogues modified in the amino group and the phenyl ring were investigated for their affinity to muscarinic M 1 -(rabbit vas deferens), Mr (guinea-pig atria) and Mr (guinea-pig ileum) receptors. All compounds were competitive antagonists in the three tissues. Their affinities to the three muscarinic receptor subtypes differed by more than two orders of magnitude and the observed receptor selectivities were not associated with high affinity. The pyrrolidino and hexamethyleneimino analogues, compounds substituted in the phenylring with a methoxy group or a chlorine atom as weil as p-fluoro-hexahydro-difenidol displayed the same affinity profile as the parent compound, hexahydro-sila-difenidol: M 1 = M 3 > M 2 • A different selectivity patternwas observed for p-fluoro-hexahydro-sila-difenidol: M 3 > M 1 > M 2 • This compound exhibited its highest affinity for M 3 -receptors in guinea-pig ileum (pA 2 = 7.84), intermediate affinity for M 1 -receptors in rabbit vas deferens (pA 2 = 6.68) and lowest affinity for the Mrreceptors in guinea-pig atria (pA 2 = 6.01). This receptor selectivity profile of p-fluoro-hexahydro-sila-difenidol was confirmed in ganglia (M 1 ), atria (M 2 ) and ileum (M 3 ) of the rat. Furthermore, dose ratios obtained with either pirenzepine (Mt) or hexahydrosila-difenidol (M 2 and M 3 ) and the p-fluoro analogue used in combination suggested that the antagonism was additive, implying mutual competition with a single population of muscarinic receptor subtypes. These results indicate that p-fluoro-hexahydro-sila-difenidol represents a valuable tool for characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes.

Summary. Growing and resting cells of the yeastTrigonapsis variabilis (DSM 70714) can be used for the enantioselective reduction of the organosilicon compound acetyldimethylphenylsilane (J) to give optically active (R)-(1-hydroxyethyl)dimethylphenylsilane [(R)-2] in good yields. The enantiomeric purity of the isolated product was determined tobe 62-86% ee depending on the substrate concentration used. Both substrate and product caused an inhibition of the reaction at concentrations higher than 0.35 and 0.5 g/1, respectively. Besides, higher substrate and product concentrations led to increased formation of the by-product 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-diphenyldisiloxane. Considering the limiting substrate and product concentrations, it was possible to use the same biomass at least 5 times without significant loss of enzyme activity. 3-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-butanone (5) and acetyldimethylphenylgermane (7), which represent carbon and germanium analogues of 1, were also found to be accepted as substrates by Trigonapsis variabilis (DSM 70714). The reduction rates of the silicon {1) and germanium compound {7) were much higher than the transformation rate of the corresponding carbon analogue 5.

No abstract