Aus dem pharmakologischen Insfitut zu Marburg.Zur Theorie der Alkoholnarkose. Erste Mittheilung.We]che Eigensehaft der An/isther bedingt ihre narkotische Wirkung? Yon iCs ~eyer.Unter der Bezeichnung ,Alkolholnarkose" verstehe ich hier die iypische Wirkung, die charakteristiseh ist ftir eine unbegn'enzte Zahl you meist aliphafischen indifferenten, in ihrer Constitution und Be-schaffeubei~ sebr verschiedenen Stoffen~ wic einfachen und substitnirten Kohlenwasserstoffen, Alkoholen~ Acthern, Aldehyden, Ketonen U. S. W.Bel der Besprechung dieser ~Chloroform-und Alkohol-Gruppe ~ in seinem Grundriss der Pharmakologie erkl~r/ Schmiedeberg, dass in den zahllosen narkofisch wirkenden Verbindungen der Fettreihe die Kohlenwasserstoffgruppen das Wirksame seien. Da diese Gruppen darin nicbt elektrisch dissociirt siad, so kann ibre directe, im engeren Sinne chemische Wechselwirkung mit den Stoffen der Ganglienzellen nicht gemeint sein~ sondern entweder eine nur i nd i r e c ~ e, den Charakter der ganzen Verbindung bestimmende oder eine s e e u n d/it e ~ erst nach radicaler Spaltung der Verbindung ein-Cretende Wirkung. Diese letztere Annahme muss indes fiir eine Reihe sehr stabiler Substanzen~ wie z.B. der ges/~ttigten Kohlen, wasserstoffe yon vornherein ausgeschlossen werden. Da ferner~ abgesehen yon vielen anderen KSrpern~ auch das Stickoxydul und das Kohlendioxyd die typiscbe ,Alkoholwirkung" aufweisen, so kSnnen aueb nicht die Kohlenwasserstoffgruppcn als sol cbe fiir ausschlaggcbend betrachtet werden.Aus den gleicben Griinden sind die neuerdings vertre~enen ttypothesen, dass specifisch der Aethyl-Archiv f, e~peMmenr Pathol. u. l:)harmakol. Bfl. XLIL $
There is abundant evidence that the serotonin (5-HT) system is modulating mood and several behavioural traits and that disturbances in the regulation of this system can be associated with severe behavioural malfunctions, as aggressive implusive and suicidal behaviour. 1 Recently a functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) was identified 2 and the presence of one or two short alleles was associated with anxiety-related personality traits 3 and several psychiatric disturbances, such as affective disorder 4 or severe alcohol dependence. 5 With respect to the importance of the 5-HT transporter in serotonergic transmission, we have genotyped the DNA of 58 Caucasian suicide victims (with unknown psychiatric diagnoses) and 110 healthy controls for the biallelic functional polymorphism in the 5-HTTLPR. We found a highly significant increased frequency of suicide victims being carriers of one or two short alleles (Fisher's Exact Test, two sided, P = 0.0003), which suggests that a genetically altered protein function within the serotonergic pathway might be involved in suicidality, independently from the clinical diagnosis. Molecular Psychiatry (2000) 5, 193-195. Disturbances in serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission are widely associated with impulsive, violent behaviour, depression and suicidality. 6 Evidence of a decreased serotonergic transmission in depression derives from the clinical observation that symptoms are relieved by drugs that either block 5-HT reuptake and metabolism or otherwise potentiate serotonergic activity. 7 Especially an inverse correlation between impulsive, externally directed aggressive behaviour and the concentration of the main 5-HT metabolite 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) in cerebrospinal fluid 8 as well as postmortem results on decreased concentration of serotonin and 5-HIAA in the brainstem of suicide victims 9 were part of the hypothesis that decreased serotonin-related neurotransmission is linked to the pathophysiology of depression and suicide. 10 Postmortem studies reported on altered serotonin transporter in brain samples from persons committing suicide. 11 However, the results of radioligand binding studies have been inconsistent, most probably because of the different ligands used. 12,13 Studies with peripheral models, eg decreased 5-HT concentration in platelets 14 or platelet paroxetine binding studies 15 completed the postmortem findings in patients with suicidality or violent behaviour.Suicide is a multiply determined act and suicidal behaviour might be triggered by several risk factors such as acute psychiatric illness, substance abuse, adverse life events or family crisis. 16 Additionally, there is mounting evidence that genetic factors may be included in the determinants of suicidal behaviour. Clinical studies, which revealed that the risk of suicidal behaviour is increased by the presence of familial suicidality, 16 are supported by recent molecular genetic studies on associations between suicidal behaviour and differe...
The stable stannanediyl 2 and the carbene‐like species 1 react to give stannaefhene 3. The structure of 3 was established by NMR spectroscopy and by X‐ray structure analysis. The very high‐frequency 119Sn‐NMR signal indicates that the C=Sn bond has strongly polar character (ylide form 3A). R1 = Si(CH3)3; R2 = C(CH3)3; R3 = CHR 21.
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