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The nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), which was initially known to be highly activated by oxidative stress-induced DNA strand breaks, has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. PARP-1 deficiency in mice led to the discovery of its coactivating function in the nuclear factorkappa B-mediated gene expression and in addition, pharmaceutical inhibition of PARP-1 was shown to reduce the production of inflammatory mediators. In this study, the in vitro PARP-1-inhibiting effect of various flavonoids was investigated. The flavonoids myricetin, tricetin, gossypetin, delphinidin, quercetin, and fisetin were identified as significant inhibitors of the purified enzyme. Further evaluation of these compounds in N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-treated human pulmonary epithelial cells showed that the formation of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymers, as well as the decreased NAD 1 levels, was reduced by quercetin, fisetin, and tricetin. Finally, IL-8 production of LPS-stimulated human pulmonary epithelial cells could be significantly reduced by these flavonoids. The results of this study indicate that specific flavonoids have PARP-1-inhibiting activity in addition to the earlier described antioxidant effects. PARP-1 inhibition and preservation of cellular NAD 1 and energy production could play a role in the antiinflammatory activity of these specific flavonoids.In addition, these results indicate additional mechanisms by which flavonoids can exert antiinflammatory activity.Furthermore, these results indicate possibilities to use food-derived flavonoids in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

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The endogenous antioxidant defense was significantly reduced in sarcoidosis, indicating that oxidative stress underlies the pathology of this disease. Furthermore, the inflammatory status was significantly enhanced in sarcoidosis. Finally, our results regarding the effect of quercetin on cytokine production imply that sarcoidosis patients might benefit from antioxidant supplementation not only by empowering the relatively low protection against ROS but also by reducing inflammation.

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