The vulnerability of the abducens nerve results from diverse factors. The inferolateral trunk, which arises from the intracavernous segment of carotid artery (also called the artery of the inferior CS), is an important landmark for finding the abducens nerve and sympathetic nerve. Variations of the abducens nerve are not rare. Keeping variations of the nerve in mind is important during skull base operations and transvenous endovascular interventions. Understanding the relationship of the abducens nerve with adjacent structures will help us in preparing for safe surgery.
ABSTRACT. Earlier reports have shown that ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) can bind to and degrade COMP (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein) in cartilage. However, the expression of ADAMTS-7 AND ADAMSTS-12 in both normal intervertebral discs and degenerative intervertebral discs (IVDs) is still unknown and the changes that occur in the degenerating intervertebral disc remain to be determined. The aim of this study was to explore the expression and role of the ADAMTS in the degenerative process of the intervertebral disc. Rat caudal discs were loaded at 1.3 MPa in vivo with an external compression device. The discs were loaded for one week, and and the nuclei pulposi (NPs) were harvested to investigate cell apoptosis and expression of collagen II and aggrecan for confirmation of disc degeneration. The changes of ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 and COMP were recorded during one week of loading. A second group of rats receiving no load were used as controls. After one week of loading, the NPs suffered degenerative changes as reflected by decreases in cell viability, collagen II, and aggrecan. Dramatic increases in expression of ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 and COMP fragment were detected after 18 hr of loading; however, this was accompanied by a sharp decrease of COMP expression. These changes were not observed in the control group. The significant increase in COMP possibly suggests a favorable role of COMP in preventing loading and degeneration of matrix; however, this positive effect might be diminished by ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12, whose augmentation were dramatic during disc degeneration. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a prominent noncollagenous component of cartilage, accounting for 1% of the wet tissue weight. It is also localized in the tendon, bone (osteoblasts only) and synovium [5][6][7]13]. COMP is a 524-kD pentameric, disulfide-bonded, multidomain glycoprotein composed of subunits that are nearly equal in weight (110 kDeach) [20]. It can catalyze collagen fibril formation and to interact with collagen and aggrecan [2,11,25]. The interaction between COMP and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as collagen and aggrecan suggests an important role of COMP in modulating ECM composition.A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) is a recently identified metalloproteinase family that can degrade the ECM. First identified in 1997, the members of the ADAMTS family have significant biological relevance [23]. Among them, ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 directly associate with and degrade COMP [1,10,14,19]. ADAMTS-7 is expressed in the bone, cartilage, synovium, tendon and ligament [15], and ADAMTS-12 is expressed in the cartilage, synovium and tendon [14], all of which contain COMP [8,13]. However, it is not known whether intervertebral discs (IVDs) express ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12, although they are known to contain COMP. Furthermore, the changes in ADAMTS-7, ADAMTS-12 and COMP during disc degeneration remain to be determined.Histomorphol...
Nonketotic hyperglycemia-related seizures (NKH) are rare. We report a case of NKH-related seizures in a patient following a traumatic brain injury.
The indications for this procedure are all types of medial epicanthi but the inversus type. Older age is a relative contraindication.
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