Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak.It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, to guide policymakers globally on their prioritization of resources for research and development. A systematic search was carried out in three major electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library) to identify published studies in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Supplementary strategies through Google Search and personal communications were used. A total of 27 studies fulfilled the criteria for review. Several laboratory protocols for confirmation of suspected 2019-nCoV cases using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have been published. A commercial RT-PCR kit developed by the Beijing Genomic Institute is currently widely used in China and likely in Asia. However, serological assays as well as point-of-care testing kits have not been developed but are likely in the near future. Several vaccine candidates are in the pipeline. The likely earliest Phase 1 vaccine trial is a synthetic DNA-based candidate. A number of novel compounds as well as therapeutics licensed for other conditions appear to have in vitro efficacy against the 2019-nCoV. Some are being tested in clinical trials against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, while others have been listed for clinical trials against 2019-nCoV. However, there are currently no effective specific antivirals or drug combinations supported by high-level evidence.
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It remains unclear whether the emission center of ligand-encapsulated metal nanoclusters (MNCs) is the surface ligands or the metal core. In this paper, we simultaneously observed metal-centered and ligand-centered emissions in Ag nanoclusters. The contributions of the surface ligands and the metal core were individually investigated to understand the nature of AgNC photoemission. A new ligand synergistic emission effect was observed. The amino correlated nπ* state provides a pivot to bridge the carboxyl correlated ππ* and nπ* states to enhance the charge transfer efficiency between different surface electronic states. Consequently, the photoluminescence quantum yields were significantly improved (∼1 to ∼10%). Transient absorption studies revealed that decreasing the pH could expand the potential energy curve and generate a conical intersection. This would facilitate the charge transfer and relaxation of excited electrons via a radiative pathway, thereby enhancing the emission intensity. These new insights into the photoemission mechanisms of MNCs should stimulate additional experimental and theoretical studies and could benefit the molecular-level design of luminescent MNCs for optoelectronics and other applications.
We have developed a mild FeCl3-mediated dimerization of dihydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines through oxidative homocoupling (35–>99% yield) and chlorination of tetrasubstituted pyrroles (18–70% yield).
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