Based on the inert metal perforation plate acted as both mandrel and mask, a hybrid electrochemical fabrication process combining electroforming and mask electrochemical machining was proposed to manufacture metal through-hole arrays with double tapered openings. The feasibility of this novel hybrid process was first investigated theoretically according to developed numerical models, and then, the effect of structure parameters of the inert metal plate on profile characteristics of the through-hole being processed was numerically analyzed where optimal structure parameters were further determined. Subsequent experimental results, on the whole, agreed with those from numerical analysis. Research results showed that the profile characteristics of the shaped throughhole were significantly dependent on the structure parameters of the inert metal plate used. Smaller through-holes with a better symmetry between the opening profiles can be achieved if the inert metal plates with bigger thickness and larger hole wall angle were used. With the reduction of hole spacing in the inert metal plate, the achievable aspect ratio of the machined through-hole gradually increased, and the profile symmetry between entry and exit became better. With the increase of hole size of the patterned inert metal plate, the thickness limitation of the through-hole plates that can be achieved rose, but the minimum diameter tended to be smaller and the symmetry worsened. In addition, nonconventional inward horn-shaped profile can be shaped in the mask electrochemical machining step only when the inert metal plates having small hole spacing and hole wall angle are utilized. With a diameter deviation between the entry and the exit, 9.7 % and an expanding rate 110.1 %, favorable through-holes featuring good opening profile symmetry (88.8 %) and smooth surfaces can be machined using this hybrid process.
Co-process of biomass and coal is perceived as a way to enhance the energy
utilization by virtue of the integrated and interactive effects between
different types of carbonaceous fuels. The purpose of this study was to
investigate the co-pyrolysis characteristics of Yining coal and poplar
sawdust, and to determine whether there is any synergistic effect in
pyrolytic product yields. The coal was blended with sawdust at a mass
fraction of 9:1, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7 and 1:9 respectively. The change of char
yields, maximum weight loss rate and the corresponding temperature of
different coal/sawdust blends during pyrolysis were compared by
thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The total tar yields during separate coal,
sawdust as well as their blends pyrolysis were acquired from the low
temperature aluminum retort distillation test. By compare the experimental
and theoretical value of the char yields from TG and tar yields from
carbonization test, it was observed that co-pyrolysis of coal/sawdust blends
produced less char and tar than the total amount produced by separate coal
and sawdust pyrolysis. The different product distribution suggested that
there was synergy effect in gas product yields. The co-pyrolysis of
demineralized and devolatilized sawdust with coal indicated that the ash in
the sawdust was the main contributor to the synergistic effect.
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