Little research has been conducted on interrogative constructions in Chinese Sign Language (CSL) based on naturalistic data. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of CSL interrogative constructions. Based on findings from naturalistic data, both manual and non-manual components of these constructions are described and analyzed, revealing a complex system. Firstly, manual markers in content questions consist of two basic wh-signs, what and how-many, which form two series of wh-compounds for more specific information retrieval. As for the manual marking of CSL polar questions, three types of particles are attested, namely yes, a-not-a, and some negators. Non-manual markers work as interrogative markers in two ways: morphologically and prosodically. The former way is realized by mouthings, which can be equaled to suprasegmental markers like tones in spoken language. Prosodic non-manual marking is mainly realized by brow movement while head tilt, eye gaze, etc. are excluded as optional. Considering the spread of brow movement, we find that polar questions without particles are predominantly marked by brow raise spreading over the entire sentence, while in interrogatives with manual markers, brow movement seems to be optional, since its frequency is lower and its spreading behavior less regular. CSL is proposed to be a particle-rich sign language, and some speculations are offered on what may cause this behavior.
ABSTRACT. With the progress of the times, more and more people are participating in sports to keep fit, which increased the demand and requirement on sport shoes, especially on their protection performance and shock absorption performance. The material and distribution of the rubber sole of sneakers often determine their quality and performance. This paper aims to analyze the performance of rubber sole and the pressure change of foot movement so as to provide reference for the design of sports shoes with excellent shock absorbing performance. KEY WORDS: rubber sole, foot movement, pressure, change STUDIU PRIVIND INFLUENŢA TĂLPILOR DIN CAUCIUC ASUPRA MODIFICĂRII PRESIUNII LA MIŞCAREA PICIORULUI REZUMAT. Odată cu trecerea timpului, tot mai mulţi oameni fac sport pentru a se menţine în formă, ceea ce a dus la creşterea cererii de încălţăminte sport, precum şi la exigenţa cerinţelor, în special în ceea ce priveşte gradul de protecţie conferit şi capacitatea de absorbţie a şocurilor. Materialul şi distribuţia tălpilor de cauciuc al încălţămintei sport determină adesea calitatea şi performanţa acesteia. Lucrarea urmăreşte să analizeze performanţa tălpilor din cauciuc şi modificarea presiunii la mişcarea piciorului astfel încât să ofere o referinţă pentru proiectarea încălţămintei sport cu performanţe excelente în absorbţia şocurilor. CUVINTE CHEIE: talpă din cauciuc, mişcarea piciorului, presiune, modificare ÉTUDE SUR L'EFFET DE LA SEMELLE EN CAOUTCHOUC SUR LE CHANGEMENT DE PRESSION AU MOUVEMENT DU PIEDRÉSUMÉ. Au fil du temps, de plus en plus de personnes font du sport pour rester en forme, ce qui a entraîné une demande accrue de chaussures de sport et des exigences élevées, notamment en ce qui concerne le degré de protection et la capacité d'absorption des chocs. Le matériau et la distribution des semelles en caoutchouc déterminent souvent la qualité et la performance des chaussures. Cet article vise à analyser la performance des semelles en caoutchouc et le changement de la pression au mouvement du pied afin de fournir une référence pour la conception de la chaussure sport avec une excellente performance d'absorption des chocs. MOTS CLÉS: semelle en caoutchouc, mouvement du pied, pression, changement
This paper investigates the relationship between fingers and time representations in naturalistic Chinese Sign Language (CSL). Based on a CSL Corpus (Shanghai Variant, 2016–), we offer a thorough description of finger configurations for time expressions from 63 deaf signers, including three main types: digital, numeral incorporation, and points-to-fingers. The former two were further divided into vertical and horizontal fingers according to the orientation of fingertips. The results showed that there were interconnections between finger representations, numbers, ordering, and time in CSL. Vertical fingers were mainly used to quantify time units, whereas horizontal fingers were mostly used for sequencing or ordering events, and their forms could be influenced by Chinese number characters and the vertical writing direction. Furthermore, the use of points-to-fingers (e.g., pointing to the thumb, index, or little finger) formed temporal connectives in CSL and could be patterned to put a conversation in order. Additionally, CSL adopted similar linguistic forms in sequential time and adverbs of reason (e.g., cause and effect: events that happened earlier and events that happen later). Such a cause-and-effect relationship was a special type of temporal sequence. In conclusion, fingers are essential for time representation in CSL and their forms are biologically and culturally shaped.
The Shanghai variant of Chinese Sign Language (SCSL) is one of the main variants of Chinese sign languages, greatly influencing other sign languages, such as Hong Kong Sign Language and Singapore Sign Language. This paper is a first attempt to trace its origins and early history and deaf education in Shanghai until 1949. The data are collected in two ways: first, by delving into the archives, i.e., written records of deaf history and education in China during that time; second, by interviewing surviving deaf students who went to school before or around 1949. Our findings are as follows: (a) SCSL began in the 1920s and emerged as a distinct sign language in the 1940s. Two deaf schools were the power shaping its progress among several deaf schools established in Shanghai: Fryer deaf school and Group learning deaf school. The sign variants of these two schools form the backbone of SCSL. (b) Deaf teachers are one of the key factors that affect the early development of a sign language. Chinese deaf played a vital role in the rise and spread of SCSL in the 1930s and 1940s, as some deaf teachers opened deaf schools in Shanghai and other cities, even other countries or areas, thus helping SCSL to spread. (c) Arising in an international and multilingual environment, SCSL is characterized by traces of foreign sign languages, especially ASL, due to language contacts linked to deaf education at that time, e.g., some proper names, like XUJIAHUI, SHANGHAI-1 and some high-frequency words like water. (d) However, foreign sign languages' direct influence is negligible due to the lack of participation of deaf foreigners in deaf education in Shanghai and oralism advocated by foreign educators in relevant deaf schools. To sum up, deaf teachers for deaf schools are key to the early development and spread of SCSL.
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