The selenium substitution strategy combined with terminal modulation for developing the high-efficiency non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) has drawn lots of attention in organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, three novel NFAs featuring...
BackgroundCanine distemper virus (CDV) infection of ferrets, dogs, and giant pandas causes an acute systemic disease involving multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract, lymphoid system, and central nervous system. In this study, we tested a new type candidate CDV vaccine–CDV nanoparticles–based on hemagglutinin protein. MethodsThe nanoparticles were generated from conformation-stabilized CDV hemagglutinin tetramers. Immune responses against CDV were evaluated in mice. Immunization was initiated 6 weeks after birth and boosted twice with 4-week intervals. The blood and mucosal samples were collected 2 weeks after each immunization. ResultsVaccination with CDV nanoparticles elicited high levels of IgG antibody titers in mice (approximately seven- to eight fold higher than that obtained with soluble CDV H protein), as well as mucosal immune responses, and developed increased CDV-specific neutralizing antibody. The mice that received nanoparticles showed significantly higher IFN-γ- and IL-4-secreting cell population in the spleen and lymph node compared with mice immunized with soluble H protein. The co-stimulatory molecular expression of CD80 and CD86 on the surface of DCs were also upregulated. ConclusionThe results demonstrate that self-assembly into nanoparticles can increase the immunogenicity of vaccine antigens, and nanoparticles assembled from conformation-stabilized CDV H protein has the potential to serve as a new type CDV vaccine.
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