RESUMOO câncer de colo uterino acomete principalmente mulheres na idade reprodutiva, principalmente e constitui grave problema de saúde pública, devido ao alto índice de mortalidade, provocada pelo diagnóstico tardio. O objetivo geral deste estudo é abordar sobre a importância do exame citopatológico (teste de Papanicolau) para a prevenção do câncer de colo uterino. O estudo foi conduzido por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, com material encontrado nas bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, totalizando 20 artigos, publicados entre 2012 e 2017, em língua portuguesa; na íntegra; disponíveis; e diretamente relacionados ao tema. A leitura e análise dos artigos mostraram que o conhecimento das mulheres brasileiras sobre a prevenção do câncer de colo uterino é baixo e está relacionado com a situação sociodemográfica, econômica e cultural. A Atenção Primária à Saúde oferece o exame citopatológico de forma gratuita, mas nem sempre consegue a adesão das mulheres, sendo relevantes as crenças e mitos sobre o câncer de colo uterino e o exame preventivo. Assim, o enfermeiro tem importante papel junto a essa população, principalmente no que se refere à educação em saúde, de forma a mudar conceitos e conseguir ampla cobertura para a realização da prevenção. O enfermeiro precisa aliar o conhecimento à prática, ter estrutura física, organização de trabalho adequada e oferecer atendimento humanizado às mulheres, sendo o acolhimento e a informação as principais estratégias de abordagem, de forma a obter adesão plena ao exame preventivo do câncer de colo uterino. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Atenção Primária à Saúde, Câncer de colo uterino, Exame citopatológico. ABSTRACTCervical cancer mainly affects women of reproductive age, and is a serious public health problem due to the high mortality rate caused by late diagnosis. The general objective of this study is to discuss the importance of cytopathological examination (Pap smear test) for the prevention of cervical cancer. The study was conducted through a bibliographical research, with material found in the databases of the Virtual Health Library, totaling 20 articles, published between 2012 and 2017, in Portuguese; in full; available; and directly related to the theme. The reading and analysis of the articles showed that the knowledge of Brazilian women about the prevention of cervical cancer is low and is related to the sociodemographic, economic and cultural situation. Primary Health Care offers the cytopathological examination free of charge, but it doesn't always achieve women's adherence, and the beliefs and myths about cervical cancer and the preventive examination are relevant. Thus, nurses play an important role in this population, especially in health education, in order to change concepts and achieve broad coverage for prevention. The nurse needs to combine knowledge with practice, have a physical structure, adequate work organization and offer humanized care to women, with the host and information being the main strategies to approach, in order to obtain full adherence to the c...

Our findings concur with the results of other studies conducted in Brazil and abroad, where variables such as low levels of schooling, and advanced age (≥ 30 years) are major risk factors for pregnant women to become infected with T. gondii.

The accuracy of the parasitological techniques of Willis, Hoffman-Pons-Janer or Lutz (HPLJ), Sheather and Faust was evaluated in fecal samples from stray cats caught by the Zoonosis Control Center in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. These four techniques were applied separately to analyze 154 fecal samples, and their accuracy was analyzed based on an evaluation of their sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and Kappa index, resulting in the selection of the Willis technique as the nominal gold standard. Of the 154 samples, 115 (74.68%) tested positive for intestinal parasites. The analysis of the frequency of positivity indicated that the HPLJ technique detected 86.1% of the positive samples and was the closest to the gold standard. The analysis of the accuracy of the techniques was evaluated using the most prevalent parasites. The Sheather technique showed the highest accuracy in the detection of Ancylostomatidae, while the Sheather and HPLJ techniques showed similar accuracies in the detection of Cystoisospora spp. when compared to the gold standard. Lastly, the Faust technique showed the highest accuracy in the detection of Toxoplasma gondii when compared to the gold standard. This study underscores the importance of combining parasitological techniques in the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in cats.Keywords: Accuracy, intestinal parasites, parasitological techniques, stray cats. ResumoA avaliação da acurácia das técnicas parasitológicas de Willis, Hoffman-Pons-Janer ou Lutz (HPJL), Sheather e Faust foram realizadas em amostras fecais de gatos capturados pelo Centro de Controle de Zoonoses em Goiânia, Goiás. Essas quatro técnicas foram utilizadas separadamente para análise de 154 amostras fecais. A análise de acurácia foi empregada, avaliando-se a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e índice kappa, sendo a técnica de Willis eleita como padrão-ouro. Das amostras analisadas 74,68% (115/154) foram positivas para enteroparasitos. A análise de frequência de positividade demonstrou que a técnica HPJL detectou 86,1% dos positivos, aproximando-se do padrão-ouro. A avaliação da acurácia foi realizada pela análise dos parasitos mais prevalentes, sendo que, para Ancilostomídeos, a técnica de Sheather apresentou melhor acurácia; para Cystoisospora spp., as técnicas de Sheather e HPJL foram semelhantes e para Toxoplasma gondii, a técnica de Faust apresentou melhor acurácia comparada ao padrão ouro. Este estudo demonstra a importância da associação de técnicas parasitológicas para o diagnóstico de enteroparasitos em gatos.Palavras-chave: Acurácia, enteroparasitos, técnicas parasitológicas, gatos errantes.

Cats are carriers of zoonotic agents to humans, including intestinal parasites. The purpose of this study was to analyze the accuracy of different laboratory methods for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites. Fecal samples were processed by the Willis, Sheather, Faust and Hoffman-Janer-Pons-Lutz (HJPL) methods. Accuracy analysis was performed determining the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and Kappa. A total of 149 fecal samples were collected, 65 from stray cats and 84 from domiciled cats. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in stray cats was 60% while in domiciled cats it was 17%. In the analysis of accuracy, the techniques that showed the greatest accuracy for Ancylostomids were Willis and Faust, for Cystoisospora spp. Sheather with Faust or HPJL, and Toxoplasma gondii/Hammondia hammondi the association between Willis and Faust. Therefore, for a reliable evaluation of the prevalence of intestinal parasites, at least two different techniques should be used in parasitological exams of feces.

Toxoplasmosis is an infection of vast worldwide distribution whose etiologic agent is Toxoplasma gondii. This disease can cause problems ranging from mild symptoms to serious conditions, such as encephalitis, miscarriage and blindness. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to perform a diagnosis with reproducible techniques in order to obtain a good prognosis. The aim of this review was to analyze the efficiency of toxoplasmosis diagnostic techniques based on sensitivity and specificity results. Five research platforms in English language were used (Eric, Elsevier, Google Scholar, PubMed and SciELO), which contained data on the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. The search and selection were performed for studies published prior to June 2021. The search resulted in the inclusion of 13 articles published from 2005 to 2020. The data revealed the use of different samples in the standardization of techniques such as serum, total blood, colostrum and amniotic fluid. The flow cytometry, lateral flow immunoassay and qPCR techniques showed 100% sensitivity, whereas the ELISA, western blotting, qPCR and RE-LAMP techniques achieved 100% specificity. Significantly, the qPCR and LAMP techniques were more accurate when the likelihood ratio was assessed. The meta-analysis identified that ISAGA and western blotting have low sensitivity values and LIASON, ELFA and ELISA, using a silica bioconjugate, also have low specificity values. It was noted that a wide range of methods have high values of sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, the choice of the method will be based on the conditions and its financial viability.

O solo é uma importante via de transmissão de agentes etiológicos de zoonoses, dentre eles os parasitos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar amostras de solo de praças e/ou parques no município de Aparecida de Goiânia-GO, com o intuito de identificar parasitos responsáveis por causar larva migrans. Para isto, foram avaliadas 30 praças do município, com a coleta de três amostras em cada local. A análise parasitológica foi realizada com a técnica de Willis. Das 30 praças avaliadas, 11 (36.7%) estavam contaminadas com parasitos que podem causar larva migrans. Das 90 amostras, 14 (15%) foram positivas. A prevalência de ovos de Toxocara sp. foi de 12.2% e Ancilostomatídeos de 3.3%. O relato da presença destes parasitos em praças públicas fornece informações sobre a contaminação destes locais no município de Aparecida de Goiânia-GO e pode contribuir com o estímulo à implantação de medidas profiláticas que reduzam esses parasitos nas áreas de lazer.

Toxoplasma gondii can cross the placental barrier, causing fetal infection with potentially severe sequelae. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the serological screening for toxoplasmosis should be included in the basic neonatal heel prick test in order to establish criteria for the confirmation and/or exclusion of the diagnosis of congenital infection in newborns treated at three public health units in the metropolitan region of Goiania, Goias State, Brazil. Blood samples were collected on filter paper from newborns and later, peripheral blood samples from the mothers and their respective children were obtained to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of suspected congenital infection, by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM and IgG) and a polymerase chain reaction assay. From a total of 1,159 blood samples collected on filter paper, 43.92% were reactive to IgG and 0.17% to anti- T. gondii IgM and IgG. One hundred and twenty-seven paired samples (mother and child) were collected following consensual protocols for peripheral blood collection. Results obtained from the filter paper and peripheral blood of the newborns were 90.55% concordant. A comparison of the mother and child blood test results showed agreement regarding the detection of IgG in 90.48% of the samples. The parasite DNA was detected in the peripheral blood of one child. In view of the results obtained in this study, the inclusion of the serological screening for toxoplasmosis in the newborn heel prick test proved to be effective for the early detection of congenital T. gondii infection.

Calcium is considered an essential element for the metabolism of aquatic snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 in Brazil, and represents a limiting factor to its distribution and adaptation to the environment. This study investigated the effect of different concentrations of exogenous CaCO 3 on the energetic metabolism of B. glabrata for better understanding the physiological interference of chemical elements dissolved in the environment with the physiology of this species. Sixty-day-old snails were distributed into six groups, five exposed to different concentrations of CaCO 3 (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L) and a control group. The exposure to CaCO 3 was assessed over time, with analysis of 15 snails of each group in the following intervals: 1, 14, 21 or 30 days for hemolymph extraction. Concentrations of calcium and glucose in the hemolymph were determined by commercial kits, and organic acids were extracted using an ion exchange column and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Concentration of calcium in the hemolymph showed no significant difference (p>0.05) from the control group and between the concentrations tested. Concentration of glucose decreased (p<0.05) in the treatments of exposure to 20 and 40 mg/L and increased when exposed to 80 and 100 mg/L CaCO 3 compared to control and to other concentrations tested over 30 days. The organic acids pyruvate, oxaloacetate, citrate, succinate, fumarate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and lactate presented increased concentrations, while propionate and acetoacetate, decreased concentrations, when exposed to CaCO 3 compared to control. Considering the influence of different periods of exposure to CaCO 3 , on the 14 th day, there were stronger alterations in the metabolism of B. glabrata. In conclusion, exposure to CaCO 3 reduced the concentration of glucose, which is metabolized into pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, and also influenced the energetic metabolism pathways, indicating an aerobic or partially anaerobic functioning.Keywords: snails, Krebs cycle, CaCO 3 exposure, energetic metabolism. (20, 40, 60, 80 e 100mg/L) e um controle. A exposição ao CaCO 3 foi avaliada em função do tempo, sendo retirados 15 moluscos de cada grupo nos seguintes intervalos: 1, 14, 21 ou 30 dias para extração da hemolinfa. As concentrações de cálcio e glicose na hemolinfa foram determinadas usando-se kits comercial e os ácidos orgânicos foram extraídos por meio da coluna de troca iônica e analisados através cromatografia líquida Alterações no metabolismo energético deBraz.