Background: Since doubts were raised, if a challenging medical procedure such as acute stroke treatment including thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) is available with identical standard and outcome 24 h and 7 days a week our aim was to examine if acute stroke patients defined by onset-admission time (OAT) of £ 3 h were treated differently or had distinct outcome when admitted during off duty hours (day versus night and weekend versus weekdays) and if any differences in treatment or outcome were apparent when comparing patients admitted in the year 2003 with patients admitted in the year 2006. Methods: We analyzed 2003-2006 data of a prospective registry and grouped patients by time, day, and year of admission. The evaluation was limited to patients that were diagnosed with ischaemic stroke and with OAT of £ 3 h. Medical and sociodemographic items, use of thrombolytic treatment, complications during clinical course and place of discharge were obtained. Clinical state on admission and discharge was assessed using the modified Rankin scale. Comparison with chi-square test, t-test and logistic regression was performed. Results: PatientÕs characteristics, rate of thrombolysis, and outcome were independent from time or day of admission. Proportion of patients with good clinical state at discharge increased significantly from 2003 to 2006 together with a higher rate of rTPA treatment without increase of intracranial hemorrhage. Proportion of patients discharged in good clinical condition after rTPA treatment increased from 34% to 44%. Conclusions: Stroke treatment in potential candidates for thrombolytic therapy revealed no impairment on weekend or at night already in 2003. During 4 years, it was possible to increase rate of rTPA treatment from 8.9% to 21.8% without increment of complications or death, confirming that rTPA is safe and can be implemented with full daily and weekly coverage.

A fatal case of human encephalitis has been observed for which our results indicate that Semliki Forest virus (SFV) was the etiologic agent. This is surprising in view of the fact that this virus, which has been widely studied, was believed to be one of the arboviruses nonpathogenic for man. Described are the clinical course, the virological examinations performed, and the histopathological findings in the central nervous system.

We investigated incidence, age distribution in relation to etiology, and localization of spontaneous intracerebral hematoma in 100 consecutive cases. Incidence in the total population of the Giessen area was estimated to be > 11/100,000 inhabitants/yr and increased with age. There was a trend toward higher incidence in males. Overall mortality was 27%, 22% of 58 patients aged <70 years and 33% of 42 patients aged >70 years. Hypertensive putaminal hematoma showed the highest mortality rate (42%, 10 of 24 cases). Chronic alcoholism and anticoagulant medication influenced the mortality rate unfavorably. We found the following localizations and etiologies to have a specific relation with age: 1) lobar hematomas from vascular malformations, group aged <40 years; 2) hypertensive putaminal hematomas and hypertensive thalamic hematomas, group aged 40-69 years; and 3) lobar hematomas, group aged >70 years. Alcoholism was an additional factor in 38% of the 13 middle-aged men with hypertensive putaminal hematomas. Fourteen cases of spontaneous intracerebral hematoma were possibly due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Six of these 14 patients had recurrent lobar hematomas, but only three of the six could be histologically investigated. In these three cases, cerebral amyloid angiopathy was proven. (Stroke 1990;21:1412-1418)

One hundred patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysm or presumed aneurysm consecutively admitted to a neurological clinic and subjected to CCT during the first 72 hours were examined retrospectively. The outcome after two months as defined by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was relatively good: 23% of the patients suffered management mortality (GOS I) (postoperative lethality 8%), 3% showed GOS-Grade II, 14% grade III, 17% grade IV, and 43% grade V. The extent of intracranial hemorrhage correlated well with the initial Hunt-Hess Grade which, in turn, had a strong influence on case fatality and the degree of disability. Lethal factors were: 1. massive subarachnoid hemorrhage together with a massive ventricular hemorrhage (p < 0.001), 2. massive subarachnoid hemorrhage together with an intracerebral hematoma > 20 ml (p < 0.05). Case fatality was lower when angiography was negative. In our study rebleeding (12%) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) (18%) were less frequent and the lethality due to acute hydrocephalus (5%) and delayed cerebral ischemia (5%) was less pronounced than in comparable studies. The degree of disability (GOS) was directly related to the amount of intracranial blood, to the development of acute or chronic hydrocephalus, delayed cerebral ischemia and rebleeding. DCI occurred in 60% of patients with marked hydrocephalus. Rebleeding was more frequent in patients with acute hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus, DCI, and rebleeding were associated with a poorer initial grade on the Hunt and Hess Scale.