Sustainable development is the biggest challenge to universities in the twenty-first century. As many different definitions and interpretations of the concept exist, it is not surprising that the strategies of the universities that are beginning to strive for sustainability show some differences. Various universities have already become engaged in the process of integrating sustainable development in their activities. Some examples of such universities are presented, including the experiences of the University of Amsterdam. The diverging strategies of sustainable universities are classified to clarify the differences and to stimulate and advance the debate. Inevitably, management, research, education, communication and operation of any university with a genuine interest in sustainable development will have to change. However, if, as it seems, universities are deeply involved in current worldwide patterns of unsustainability, could it perhaps be that existing university structures need to be replaced by a completely new type of`u niversal knowledge network'' which is derived from a totally different paradigm of their role and function? In this article some clear indications are given about the meaning of sustainable development in this context in order to provide directions and guidelines for university strategies and practices. The consequences of the concept for universities are indicated and, finally, a possible model for a sustainable university is proposed.
The metabolism of doxorubicin (A), 4'-epidoxorubicin (E) and 4'-deoxydoxorubicin (D) was studied in vitro by incubating the analogs with rat liver subcellular fractions and in vivo by chromatographic analysis of human urine. Metabolites were identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy and enzymatic conversion. Human urine contained unchanged drug as well as the corresponding alcohol metabolites in all cases; however, urine of patients who received E also contained two glucuronides which could not be detected in the urine of patients who received A or D. We have identified these glucuronides as 4'-epidoxorubicin glucuronide (E-Glu) and 4'-epidoxorubicinol glucuronide (Eol-Glu). It was concluded that the glucuronide moiety is linked to the daunosamine sugar at the C4'-OH position. A hypothesis is proposed that this glucuronidation pathway may explain the differences in pharmacokinetics and toxicity between E and A. Rat liver microsomes were found to convert all three drugs to the 7-deoxyaglycones at the same rate. Rat liver 100,000 g supernatant was found to be capable of converting these drugs to their respective alcohol metabolites, doxorubicinol (Aol) being formed somewhat slower than 4'-epidoxorubicinol (Eol) and 4'-deoxydoxorubicinol (Dol).
The pharmacokinetics of 4'-epi-doxorubicin (4'-epi-adriamycin, 4'-epi-DX) in man can be described by a three-compartment model with a rapid distribution phase and a very long elimination phase. Urine excretion amounts to a total of about 11% of the administered dose during 48 h after drug administration, and less than 1% during the following 48 h. In plasma 4'-epi-doxorubicin is rapidly converted to five metabolites (4'-epi-doxorubicinol, aglycones and glucuronides), the concentration of the aglycones sometimes exceeding that of 4'-epi-DX. In urine only three metabolites were found in addition to the parent drug; they were identified as 4'-epi-doxorubicinol (EOH), 4'-epi-doxorubicin-glucuronide (E-Glu) and 4'-epi-doxorubicinol-glucuronide (EOH-Glu). Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and metabolic profiles of 4'-epi-DX and doxorubicin (DX) in man revealed that 4'-epi-DX eliminates faster than DX.
The potential of different peroxidase preparations for the N-demethylation of methyl N-methylanthranilate to produce the food flavor methylanthranilate (MA) was investigated. All tested peroxidase preparations were able to catalyze the N-dealkylation. The tested soybean preparations vary widely with respect to their heme content. Furthermore, the operational stability of purified soybean peroxidase (SP) is at least 25-fold lower than that of horseradish peroxidase and only 5-fold higher than that of microperoxidase 8. Thus, the presence of a large protein chain around a porphyrin cofactor in a peroxidase is, by itself, insufficient to explain the observed differences in operational stability. Despite its relatively low operational stability, SP proved to be the most efficient biocatalyst for the production of MA with high yield and purity, especially observed at the high temperature and low pH values at which SP appeared to be optimally active.
It is now generally accepted that most of today’s (chemical) industry is unsustainable by design. Sustainable development is gaining interest as a concept, on the basis of which efforts are made to redesign production and consumption systems, in order to solve global environmental, economic and social problems. The aim of this paper is to investigate how the role of chemistry and chemistry education is changing through sustainable development. Sustainable chemistry is emerging as a new concept, but what is it? Different ideas on how to give content to sustainable chemistry have resulted in various new concepts, focussing on different levels of organisation, ranging from the level of molecules up to the societal level. After studying and comparing some of the related concepts concerned, a general definition of sustainable chemistry is presented. It is concluded that more research is needed, especially aimed at the higher levels of organisation, in order to be able to formulate a more detailed definition.
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