Skiti tests with histamine, the histamine-liberator, codeine, and various allergens as well as blood basophil degranulation by anti-IgE or anti-IgG4 and total serum IgE levels have been studied in two female populations of different ages (average 23-1 and 73-9 years). All thirty-one patients selected for this study were clinically non-allergic.We observed a trend towards reduced skin reactions to histamine and codeine in the higher age-group; on the other hand, we could not find any decrease of basophil degranulation as a sign of basophil impairment with age. Likewise no difference in total serum IgE levels have been noticed.No correlation between skin tests and basophil degranulation was observed; yet patients with isolated, positive skin tests to house dust and/or Candida albicans showed a statistically significant reduced blood basophil degranulation by anti-IgE or anti-IgG4.

The qualitative assessment of the echogenicity of the renal cortex and the medulla is one of the most important diagnostic criteria in the assessment of diffuse renal parenchymal disease. It is of interest to complete this assessment by quantitative data. The echogenicity of the cortex and medulla was quantitatively analysed in digitized images. The coefficient of variation of repeated measurements was 0.83% and the coefficient of variation made by two different individuals was 2.03%. The influence of furosemide on the echogenicity of the renal parenchyma was measured in 4 healthy adults. The echogenicity of the renal cortex is after 3 and 6 min significantly increased, while the echogenicity of the medulla remained unchanged. Our study shows that a precise measurement of echogenicity in renal parenchyma is possible. Under the influence of furosemide there will be a significant increase in the echogenicity of the renal cortex.

Quantitative echo intensity measurements enhance the differential diagnosis of focal renal lesions. The differentiation of typical angiomyolipomas to other lesions could be improved.

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Jaundice corresponds to elevated bilirubin- levels, whereat one has to distinguish between direct and indirect serum-bilirubin. In the present Mini Review causes and differential diagnosis of jaundice are outlined. Ultrasound-diagnostic plays a major role in identifying intrahepatic or extrahepatic jaundice. Attention is given to the differential diagnosis of elevated liver enzymes in presence of jaundice, pointing out the distinction between hepatocellular and cholestatic parameters as well as the differentiation in acute or chronic increase. Moreover, the consequences of liver enzyme elevations including further diagnostic procedures, are highlighted. Finally, possibilities and limitations of modern diagnostic tests for liver fibrosis are briefly overviewed.