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Despite the importance of social impact to social entrepreneurship research, standards for measuring an organization's social impact are underdeveloped on both theoretical and empirical grounds. We identify a sample of 71 relevant papers from leading (FT50) business journals that examine, conceptually or empirically, the measurement of social impact. We first describe the breadth of definitions, data sources, and operationalizations of social impact. Based on this analysis, we generate a typology of four approaches to conceptualizing social impact, which we use to organize insights and recommendations regarding improved measurement of the social impact of entrepreneurial ventures. approaches to address global social problems (Battilana & Dorado, 2010; Dacin, Dacin, & Tracey, 2011; Short, Moss, & Lumpkin, 2009). The market-based approaches that are characteristic of a social entrepreneurial approach inherently involve measuring societal impact and social performance (Grimes, 2010; Miller & Wesley II, 2010). Yet, despite extant research and practice demonstrating interest in creating and measuring social impact, standards for measuring this important construct are underdeveloped (Salazar, Husted, & Biehl, 2011). While research and practice have conceptually grounded social performance in social responsibility, new approaches to measurement have been proposed that have different basic assumptions and require fundamentally different measurement (Kroeger & Weber, 2014; Salazar et al., 2011). With such a heterogeneity in approaches, the literature lacks cumulative insights that could help social entrepreneurship research to progress more rapidly and more effectively. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to describe the relevant similarities and differences among approaches to studying social impact, and to use these insights to provide a more clearlyarticulated path for future research. To accomplish this task, we undertake a broad survey of papers published in the Financial Times list of 50 highly-ranked business journals (FT50) that focus on social impact. The 71 papers that we identify from our search differ along two dimensions: degree of generalizability and stage in impact process. Specifically, while some papers limit their definition and/or measurement of social impact to a single-sector, others can be applied across multiple sectors. Moreover, while some authors define and/or measure activities that may lead to beneficial social outcomes and impact, others focus on defining and measuring the outcomes themselves. Relying on these dimensions, we organize our sample into a typology, highlighting some of the exemplary contributions, and then discuss directions for future research that leverage the insights gleaned from this multidisciplinary sample of papers. THEORY AND BACKGROUND Social impact is an important piece of the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship (Dacin, Dacin, & Matear, 2010; Lumpkin, Moss, Gras, Kato, & Amezcua, 2011). While social impact might be considered to be the relevant performance-based...

Previous research highlights tensions that social hybrids face by spanning categories. This article explores the emergence of legislation to support a new category for social hybrids, focusing on Benefit Corporation legislation in the United States. It presents quantitative analysis of state-level factors that make a state suitable for a social hybrid category (attractiveness for for-profit business and nonprofits, existing social hybrid organizations, legislative intensity, and political leanings) followed by qualitative analysis of the arguments marshaled for the creation of the Benefit Corporation legal form. These findings raise important insights for research on social hybrids and suggest a range of practical implications.

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Given that gaining access to external resources is a critical component of entrepreneurial activity, a great deal of research has been done in an attempt to predict and explain this phenomenon. Unfortunately, this literature is largely scattered across a wide variety of somewhat disconnected research streams, which makes interpreting the insights that have been hitherto gained challenging. In response, the authors identify a sample of 76 relevant articles from the leading management and entrepreneurship journals that examine entrepreneurial access to resources. Using a narrative synthesis approach, they then organize these articles based on the strategies (projective and/or interpersonal) and tools (words, actions, associations and/or intangibles) by which entrepreneurs gain access to resources. Based on this categorization, the authors discuss the major themes in the extant literature and offer suggestions for how to move research on entrepreneurial access forward in the future.

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Stakeholders play an increasingly active role in private governance, including development of standards for measuring sustainability. Building on prior studies focused on standards and stakeholder engagement, we use an innovation management theoretical lens to compare stakeholder engagement and standards developed in two carbon markets: the Climate Action Reserve (CAR) and the U.N.'s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). We develop and test hypotheses regarding how different processes of stakeholder engagement in standard development impact the number, identity, and age of stakeholders involved, as well as the variation and quality of the resulting standards. In doing so we contribute to the growing literature on stakeholder engagement in developing sustainability standards.

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