Cover. Background: Image depicts a hillshade first-return light detection and ranging (lidar) surface of a suburban area of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Front cover inset: Image depicts a perspective view of an all-return lidar point cloud. Back cover inset: Image depicts a hillshade perspective view of a hydro-flattened bare-earth lidar surface of Palisades State Park in Garretson, South Dakota.
Top: A representative image of a lidar source point cloud. The data were collected by an airborne lidar instrument over Cannon Beach, Oregon, in 2008-2009. The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) acquired the data in partnership with multiple other organizations. When the 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) is fully realized, similar high-resolution lidar (light detection and ranging) data will be available for the entire conterminous United States and Hawaii. They will support many applications, including flood risk management, hazard mitigation, and natural resource management. The colors in this point cloud indicate elevation, from low (blue) to high (red). Bottom: Examples of top-down views of a suite of derivative products that all were generated from the above lidar point cloud by the U.S. Geological Survey. North is at the top of the page. A, Hillshade (shaded-relief) model, which is used for visualizing the terrain. B, Digital elevation model (bare-earth DEM), which is used for general topographic analysis and mapping. Lower areas are shown as green, and higher areas are shown as brown. The brown area at left is a feature called Haystack Rock. The DEM and hillshade model are both derived from the lidar classified point cloud by filtering points and interpolating between points. C, Slope (bare-earth) model, showing the vertical change from one bare-earth elevation cell to its neighbor. Steep slopes are shown as red, and flat areas are shown as green. D, Laser-intensity model, showing the strength of the laser signal returned from a lidar pulse. Laser-intensity models allow compilation of breaklines, such as ridges and shorelines. The curving line represents a road. E, Height-above-ground model, showing the vertical difference between the highest nonground return and the ground return. Tree-canopy heights and building footprints and their associated heights can easily be extracted from this derivative. The dark-blue line represents an area of no trees, where a powerline has been cut through.
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In 2012 the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Geospatial Program (NGP) funded a study to develop a conceptual prototype for a new National Elevation Dataset (NED) design with expanded capabilities to generate and deliver a suite of bare earth and above ground feature information over the United States. This report details the research on identifying operational requirements based on prior research, evaluation of what is needed for the USGS to meet these requirements, and development of a possible conceptual framework that could potentially deliver the kinds of information that are needed to support NGP's partners and constituents. This report provides an initial proof-of-concept demonstration using an existing dataset, and recommendations for the future, to inform NGP's ongoing and future elevation program planning and management decisions. The demonstration shows that this type of functional process can robustly create derivatives from lidar point cloud data; however, more research needs to be done to see how well it extends to multiple datasets.
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