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We demonstrated through electron microscopic characterizations that the semi-hexagonal Au nanoparticle arrays supported on solid surfaces prepared by a polymer template approach could be enlarged uniformly by using a solution-based seed-mediated growth. The semi-hexagonal particle arrangement is largely retained after the growth as evident by the similar Fourier transform patterns obtained before and after the growth, indicating that the growth occurs over the seed particles on the surface. The shape and size of the augmented particles can be tuned by varying the growth conditions. The particle density can be conveniently varied by using polymer templates with different chain lengths. The growth mechanism is briefly discussed. Strong surface-enhanced Raman signals of molecules adsorbed on the 40-60 nm grown particles are observed.

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To enhance the toughness of metal matrix nanocomposites, we demonstrate a strategy that involves the introduction of spatial arrays of nanoparticles. Specifically, we describe an approach to synthesize a microstructure characterized by arrays of fiber-like nanoparticle-rich (NPR) zones that contain spherical nanoparticles of boron carbide (sn-B 4 C) embedded in an ultrafine grained (UFG) aluminum alloy matrix. A combination of cryomilling and hot-extrusion was used to obtain this particular microstructure, and the mechanical behavior and operative strengthening and deformation mechanisms were investigated in detail. When compared to an equivalent unreinforced material, the presence of the array of NPR zones contributed to a 26% increase in tensile strength. Moreover, when compared to a nanocomposite containing 2 a homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles, a 30% increase in toughness was observed. High nanohardness values obtained for the NPR zones and the observation of "pull-out" phenomena on fracture surfaces, suggest that the NPR zones behave as "hard" fiber-like units that can effectively sustain tensile loading and thereby enhance the strengthening efficiency of sn-B 4 C. Also, the presence of the array of NPR zones surrounded by nanoparticle-free (NPF) zones led to an enhancement in strength with limited loss in ductility. This behavior was rationalized on the basis of a low value of the Schmid factor in regions adjacent to NPR zones, coupled with the ease of dislocation movement in NPF zones. Finally, the ratio of the plastic zone size to the size of the "hard" NPR zones is proposed as an important factor that governs the overall toughness of the nanocomposite.

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