INTRODUCTION Psychological, physiological and social factors play an important role in the initiation, persistence, dependence and relapse of smoking behaviors, and coping style and smoking abstinence self-efficacy can all affect nicotine dependence. METHODS A cross-sectional sample of 568 quitters from 19 communities in Beijing in 2019 was surveyed. Demographic information and psychological characteristics of smokers were collected by an interview questionnaire, and psychological traits scales including the Smoking Abstinence Self-Efficacy (SASE) and the Trait Coping Style Questionnaire (TCSQ). We compared differences in psychological traits across demographic information and explored the relationship between nicotine dependence and coping styles and self-efficacy in refusing to smoke. RESULTS Significant differences were identified in self-efficacy in refusing to smoke and across dimensions among quitters by gender, job type, education level, and monthly income level (all p<0.05). Males had lower self-efficacy in the habitual/ addictive context than females; retirees had better overall self-efficacy and selfefficacy in the negative/emotional context than business service workers and professionals; and high-educated, high-income quitters had lower self-efficacy in the negative/emotional context. There are significant differences in positive coping styles among quitters of different ages, levels of education, and types of work (all p<0.05). The results further showed that the underage population, highly educated population, and practitioners other than those in retirement, are less likely to use positive coping styles. Interventional effects analysis showed that a higher sense of self-efficacy in addictive contexts can counteract some of the negative coping styles that induce smoking. CONCLUSIONS Self-efficacy played an indirect mediating role between negative coping style and nicotine dependence; individuals who used more negative coping styles were more likely to engage in smoking and therefore were more nicotine dependent. Hence, it is necessary to reduce the use of negative coping strategies and improve the self-efficacy of smoking abstinence in the face of addiction.
Objective To understand the reasons for failure of smoking cessation among community smokers in Beijing, and analyze the influencing factors of the reasons for failure to quit, in order to provide a reference for providing smoking cessation guidance services. Method Based on a cross-sectional study, a one-to-one questionnaire was used. The survey included basic demographic information, tobacco use, and past attempts to quit. And descriptive analysis was used to analyze the distribution of the reasons for the failure of smoking cessation. c2 test or Fisher's exact probability method were used to analyze the causes of smoking cessation failure, demographic indicators, tobacco use and other factors. Correspondence analysis was used to further explore the relationship between each factor and the reasons for smoking cessation failure. Result A total of 442 smokers who had tried to quit smoking were investigated. The top three reasons for failure to quit were difficulty in controlling addiction, insufficient self-willingness (54.3%), the effects of other smokers(35.3%), and lack of smoke-free support environment(26.0%). There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of the reasons for failure of smoking cessation among different ages, occupations, and discomforts during smoking cessation(All P<0.05). Correspondence analysis results show that the reasons for failure of smoking cessation among smokers aged 19-30 are mainly work or study stress. There are differences in the reasons why smokers in different occupations fail to quit smoking; The influence of other smokers and the lack of a smoke-free support environment are closely related to the desire to quit during the process of quitting. Conclusion Work or study pressure, the influence of other smokers and the lack of smoke-free support environment are the main reasons for the failure of smoking cessation attempts. Therefore, it is suggested to strengthen education in different occupational places and implement personalized smoking cessation education. It is recommended to provide tips on coping with smoking cessation and alleviating peer pressure in social situations, as well as help for stress coping and negative emotion relief in smoking cessation guidance. At the same time, it is essential to strengthen the shaping of a smoke-free support environment.
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