SOME years ago we attempted to produce inclusion bodies in the nuclei of kidney cells by feeding rats a diet containing basic lead acetate. Kidney tumours developed in some of the animals which were studied after a long and unintentional delay during which the feeding of basic lead acetate had been continued. Zollinger (1953) had reported on the induction of renal tumours in rats following long-term treatment by weekly injections of lead phosphate. Additional information about these kidney tumours was published by Tonz in 1957.The importance of this carcinogenic effect of lead salts prompted us to do further work. The present report records the results of long-term feeding experiments with rats using two different dosage levels of basic lead acetate in the food. In addition, a virological study was made, based on the assumption that the inclusion bodies observed after treatment with lead salts could be of viral nature and the carcinogenic effect be caused by the activation of a virus. The linking of the carcinogenic effect of lead with its content of radioactive material was also considered.
EXPERIMENTALTwo series of feeding experiments were made with an interval of about 6 months, each consisting of a control group and an experimental group of 24-30 rats. In both series about equal numbers of male and female animals were distributed over the control and experimental groups, using litter-mates. The animals were obtained from our own rat colony shortly after weaning. The " Wistar strain " used has been randomly bred for more than 15 years. The animals were housed in wire cages, in groups of five, according to sex and supplied a powdered standard diet consisting of two thirds whole wheat flour, one third whole milk powder with addition of 0-5 per cent sodium chloride and 0-5 per cent calcium carbonate. Food and water were given ad libitum. Twice weekly some vegetables were supplied.The experimental groups received basic lead acetate (crystalline, Merck, Darmstad) mixed into the diet in the following dosages:Group 1 : Control I, diet without addition of basic lead acetate. Group 2: Diet with 0.1 per cent of basic lead acetate. Group 3: Control II, diet without addition of basic lead acetate. Group 4: Diet with 1 per cent of basic lead acetate. The duration of the experiments was 29 months for groups 1 and 2 and 24 months for groups 3 and 4. Moribund animals were killed and at the end of the experiment the remaining animals were also killed and examined.
1. The metabolism of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile was studied in rabbits and rats. Oral administration caused an increased urinary excretion of glucuronides and ethereal sulphates. There was also an indication of mercapturic acid formation. 2,6-Dichloro-3-hydroxybenzonitrile and its 4-hydroxy analogue were identified as metabolites in the urine. A small amount ofthe unchanged substance was recovered from the faeces. 2. By using 2,6-dichlorobenzo[14C]nitrile the phenolic metabolites were determined quantitatively and some other possible meobolic routes were excluded. 3. Incubation of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile with enzyme preparations (papain and high-speed supernatant of rat-liver homogenate plus glutathione) gave no indications for a reaction with thiol compounds.
This chapter outlines schema therapy (ST) as a treatment possibility for adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and comorbid personality disorder (PD). The chapter begins with some key considerations concerning the therapeutic relationship and the differential diagnosis of ASD versus PD. ST is introduced, followed by a summary of empirical findings about personality characteristics in people with ASD including both weaknesses (i.e., pathology) and strengths. A summary is provided of the empirical studies examining ST concepts and treatment programs for adults with ASD (and comorbid PD). The chapter concludes with a case study exemplifying the ST approach.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.