Antibiotic prophylaxis neither prevented nor delayed bacterial infection of the necrotic pancreas. But it significantly improved the clinical course if started before the onset of infection of the pancreatic necroses.

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Background: A growing number of studies suggest that informal (illicit) fees for healthcare are prevalent in low and middle income countries. These fees are regressive and deeply embedded, often proving impervious to policy interventions. Methods: The author conducted a critical interpretive synthesis of peer reviewed literature, grey literature, global standards, and donor funding related to informal fees in order to assess their prevalence, critically interrogate the paradigms that are applied to understanding them, assess to what extent fees are addressed in global policy and funding, and propose future areas for policy and research. In contrast to a systematic review, critical interpretive synthesis fosters crossdisciplinary research that encompasses quantitative, qualitative, and conceptual work. As such, it can open new avenues of discussion on persistent public health problems whose roots reach into the political, social, and cultural realms. Pursuant to established methods for