Anatomical variants of peripheral nerves of the lower limb are relatively frequent and vulnerable to injury if not considered by the surgeon. Surgical procedures or percutaneous injections are often performed without knowing the anatomical situation. In a patient with normal anatomy, these procedures are mostly performed smoothly without major nerve complications. But in the case of anatomical variants, surgery may be challenging as “new” anatomical prerequisites complicate the procedure. In this context, high-resolution ultrasonography as the first-line imaging modality to depict peripheral nerves, has become a helpful adjunct in the preoperative setting. It is crucial, on the one hand, to gain knowledge of anatomical nerve variants and, on the other hand, to depict the anatomical situation preoperatively, to minimize the risk of surgical trauma to a nerve and make surgeries safer.
Blue structural colors, produced by diverse tissue nanostructures, are known from all major vertebrate clades except cartilaginous fishes (e.g. sharks, rays). We describe a bright angle-independent structural blue from ribbontail stingray skin, arising from a novel cell type with unique quasi-ordered arrays of nano-vesicles enclosing guanine nanoplatelets. This natural architecture —an intracellular photonic glass— coherently scatters blue, while broadband absorption from closely-associated melanophores obviates the low color-saturation typical for photonic glasses. This first demonstration of structural color in elasmobranchs (the oldest extant clade of jawed vertebrates) illustrates that the capacity for guanine-based colors likely arose extremely early in vertebrate evolution. The structure-function mechanisms underlying ribbontail stingray coloration point to selective pressures driving elasmobranch visual ecology and communication, but also strategies for biomimetic color production.
Blue structural colors, produced by diverse tissue nanostructures, are known from all major vertebrate clades except cartilaginous fishes (e.g. sharks, rays). We describe a bright angle-independent structural blue from ribbontail stingray skin, arising from a novel cell type with unique quasi-ordered arrays of nano-vesicles enclosing guanine nanoplatelets. This natural architecture —an intracellular photonic glass— coherently scatters blue, while broadband absorption from closely-associated melanophores obviates the low color-saturation typical for photonic glasses. This first demonstration of structural color in elasmobranchs (the oldest extant clade of jawed vertebrates) illustrates that the capacity for guanine-based colors likely arose extremely early in vertebrate evolution. The structure-function mechanisms underlying ribbontail stingray coloration point to selective pressures driving elasmobranch visual ecology and communication, but also strategies for biomimetic color production.
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