Using procedures optimized to explore network organization within the individual, the topography of a candidate language network was characterized and situated within the broader context of adjacent networks. The candidate network was first identified using functional connectivity and replicated across individuals, acquisition tasks, and analytic methods. In addition to classical language regions near to perisylvian cortex and temporal pole, regions were also observed in dorsal posterior cingulate, midcingulate, anterior superior frontal and inferior temporal cortex. The candidate network was selectively activated when processing meaningful (as contrasted to non-word) sentences, while spatially adjacent networks showed minimal or even decreased activity. Results were replicated and triplicated across two prospectively acquired cohorts. Examined in relation to adjacent networks, the topography of the language network was found to parallel the motif of other association networks including the transmodal association networks linked to theory of mind and episodic remembering (often collectively called the default network). The several networks contained juxtaposed regions in multiple association zones. Outside of these juxtaposed higher-order networks, we further noted a distinct frontotemporal network situated between language regions and a frontal orofacial motor region and a temporal auditory region. A possibility is that these functionally-related sensorimotor regions might anchor specialization of neighboring association regions that develop into a language network. What is most striking is that the canonical language network appears to be just one of multiple similarly organized, differentially specialized distributed networks that populate the evolutionarily expanded zones of human association cortex.

Background Prior investigation of adult patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) has found greater functional connectivity within orbitofrontal–striatal–thalamic (OST) circuitry, as well as altered connectivity within and between large-scale brain networks such as the cingulo-opercular network (CON) and default mode network (DMN), relative to controls. However, as adult OCD patients often have high rates of co-morbid anxiety and long durations of illness, little is known about the functional connectivity of these networks in relation to OCD specifically, or in young patients near illness onset. Methods In this study, unmedicated female patients with OCD (ages 8–21 years, n = 23) were compared to age-matched female patients with anxiety disorders (n = 26), and healthy female youth (n = 44). Resting-state functional connectivity was used to determine the strength of functional connectivity within and between OST, CON, and DMN. Results Functional connectivity within the CON was significantly greater in the OCD group as compared to the anxiety and healthy control groups. Additionally, the OCD group displayed greater functional connectivity between OST and CON compared to the other two groups, which did not differ significantly from each other. Conclusions Our findings indicate that previously noted network connectivity differences in pediatric patients with OCD were likely not attributable to co-morbid anxiety disorders. Moreover, these results suggest that specific patterns of hyperconnectivity within CON and between CON and OST circuitry may characterize OCD relative to non-OCD anxiety disorders in youth. This study improves understanding of network dysfunction underlying pediatric OCD as compared to pediatric anxiety.

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published by University press of colorado 5589 arapahoe avenue, suite 206c boulder, colorado 80303 all rights reserved printed in the United states of americaThe University press of colorado is a proud member of The association of american University presses.The University press of colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by adams state University, colorado state University, fort Lewis college, Metropolitan state University of denver, regis University, University of colorado, University of northern colorado, Utah state University, and Western state colorado University.∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ansi/niso Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper).isbn: 978-1-60732-571-0 (cloth) isbn: 978-1-60732-659-5 (paperback) isbn: 978-1-60732-572-7 (ebook) Library of congress cataloging-in-publication data names: armstrong-fumero, fernando, editor. | Hoil gutierrez, Julio, editor. title: Legacies of space and intangible heritage : archaeology, ethnohistory, and the politics of cultural continuity in the americas / edited by fernando armstrong-fumero and Julio Hoil gutierrez. description: boulder : University press of colorado, [2017] | includes bibliographical references and index. identifiers: Lccn 2016056647| isbn 9781607325710 (cloth) | isbn 9781607326595 (pbk) | isbn 9781607325727 (ebook) subjects: LcsH: cultural landscapes-america-case studies. | cultural property-protectionamerica-case studies. | cultural property-america-Management-case studies. | Historic sites-conservation and restoration-america-case studies. | Historic sites-americaManagement-case studies. classification: Lcc gf500 .L44 2017 | ddc 973-dc23 Lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016056647 an electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. The open access isbn for the pdf version of this book is 978-1-60732-700-4; for the epUb version the open access isbn is 978-1-60732-720-2. More information about the initiative and links to the open-access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. front-cover photographs: taperinha plantation (top), cavern of the painted rock, Monte alegre (bottom), courtesy of anna c. roosevelt. Whether on the scale of a household, of a community, or of a much larger regional environment, spaces of human habitation are both historical records of our past and a key element in reproducing the knowledge and values that define our lives in the present. This process of cultural reproduction can be endangered when migration, displacement, or changes in property regimes limit communities' access to sites where they have important historical connections. around the world, formal legal statutes, grassroots organizations, and local acts of resistance can play different roles in reasserting these connections between people and place. accordingly, the claims that contemporary stakeholders make on archaeological site...