The hull of the former HMVS Cerberus (1926) collapsed two metres during gales in December 1993, leaving the vessel half-submerged. Sunk as a breakwater in 1926, the vessel is one of the few remaining and accessible twin-turret Monitor-style warships from the 1870s. This paper presents the complex history of attempts to stabilize the site and to preserve the wreck. A series of in situ corrosion studies of corrosion potentials, pH, and residual metal thickness have provided a special insight into the processes of decay and have paved the way for future site stabilization. Removal of the four 16-tonne 10 inch Armstrong rifl ed muzzle loading guns and their in situ treatment alongside the wreck have assisted in relieving some of the stress on the remaining structure. The paper reports on correlations between the corrosion rate and the formation of concretions and how to determine the end point of an in situ treatment for cannon.keywords Monitor-style warship, nineteenth-century iron wreck, in situ corrosion studies, anodes, conservation, concretion formation commissioned for the British navy in the late 1860s when approval was given by the British Admiralty for the construction of Cerberus, for the coastal defence of Melbourne harbour. Cerberus was the fi rst ship commissioned by the Victorian Colonial Navy, which until then had been composed of second-hand British Royal Navy vessels. Cerberus was designed by Sir Edward Reed to defend the rich commercial and manufacturing coastal settlements around Melbourne, in the British Colony of Victoria, from attack. As such, priority was given to heavy armament over the ability to travel large distances (Herd, 1986: 8), and Cerberus became the fi rst British-built warship designed to operate solely on steam power.
This chapter discusses the relationship between industrialization and food processing. Changes in food processing approaches took place as a result of technological improvements and/or changes in health, safety, and hygiene standards. The industrialization of food processing included the adoption of technology, such as steam power, from other industries, and the adaptation of processes for specialist use, such as milling of cereals, sugar, and in cider production. There was almost constant change in the technology of food processing through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, resulting in varied levels of survival of archaeological remains, whether buildings or machinery. Refrigeration was one of the most important industrial developments in food production and processing, allowing for the preservation and global distribution of perishable goods. This chapter explores the development of industrial technology within the food processing industry, and the varied impacts of industrialization, internationally, on food production and distribution.
The development of the network of navigable inland waterways and canals in Britain was a fundamental step in the growth and spread of industrialization in Britain. These waterways played an important role in the early transportation of raw materials, particularly coal, to factory sites, and of finished goods to the coast for national and international distribution. The importance of the waterways, however, is not solely technological, but also for the impact they had on the landscape, the peripatetic community employed on the water, and the communities that developed to maintain, support, and run the system. This chapter discusses the development, growth, and decline of inland waterways and their central role in the industrialization of Britain. Through a discussion of the upstanding, working, and buried archaeological remains associated with inland waterways this chapter presents the current state of research and suggests future directions.
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