The paper aims to develop instruments supporting the comparability of social disclosures and ipso facto business transparency. This research study aims to assess the possibility of achieving social disclosure comparability based on research of the Polish listed companies and to develop an authorial tools which may support stakeholders in comparing social performance and thus help them make business decisions.To attain the goals, this article introduced practical and theoretical premises of sustainability reporting development in its social dimension. Based on that, an empirical study was conducted on the comparability of social disclosures in sustainability reporting of Polish listed (WIG20) companies. For this purpose, a social disclosure index was developed by the authors. The findings of our study indicate that corporate social disclosures can be the subject of comparisons supporting stakeholders in the decision-making process. The conducted comparability analysis refers to the comparison of the scope of disclosures between the WIG20 companies, as well as the scope of disclosures over three years, and helps us to construct the index as a tool for social disclosure benchmarking. This paper contributes to filling the gap relating the social disclosure comparability. The results of this study may help compare any social disclosures, and the proposed index may be a practical instrument of benchmarking. The research originality refers to the research niche relating to the difficult comparison of non-financial data and the scope of social disclosures in sustainability reporting. It extends the knowledge on this area by giving a new perspective on the comparison of social disclosures.

The purpose of the article is to analyse and evaluate the degree of development of non-financial information reporting in Poland with particular consideration given to the role of accounting as a generator of information in this scope. The following considerations serve as an input to the debate and, as a result, the author formulated the research hypothesis as follows: non-financial information reporting in Poland is in its early phase of development. In order to evaluate the actual state, the author carried out the quantitative analysis of nonfinancial reports published by Polish economic units in the international register kept by the GRI as well as in the Polish Register of Reports kept by CRSinfo. It appears from the study that obtaining comprehensive financial, non-financial, quantifiable and descriptive information requires moving away from treating accounting as a closed system and requires its development. In this context, social accounting, being a broader field in accounting, is getting more and more popular. Research methods applied in the study: literature studies, legal regulations analysis as well as the method of deductive reasoning and synthesis.

The spread of the concept of sustainable development has meant that human capital is an important area of non-financial reporting. However, the complexity and multidimensionality of this category mean that employee reporting and the indicators used for it are very diverse. The purpose of the article is to assess the comparability of non-financial disclosures about human capital in the reports of selected companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. This article supplements the existing scientific achievements related to non-financial reporting, identifying the dysfunctional area of comparability. For the purposes of this study, the following research methods were used: a literature review, analysis of legal regulations, analysis of secondary data in the form of non-financial reports, as well as induction and synthesis meth- ods used in formulating applications. The ten largest companies listed in the WIG-20 index were selected for the study. The research covered non-financial reports for 2019. The study was divided into five stages, which reflect five categories of disclosures on employee issues, i.e., the level of employment and salary, relations with employees and freedom of association, occupational health and safety, development and education, and diversity and equal opportunities. Within each category, a maximum of three non-financial measures have been defined. The study confirmed that none of the non-financial reports analyzed in any of the categories were fully comparable.

Wykorzystanie sprawozdań finansowych organizacji pozarządowych w Polsce w procesie fundraisingu Kody JEL: L31, M41, M48Słowa kluczowe: trzeci sektor, organizacje pozarządowe, NGO, źródła finansowania, fundraising Streszczenie. W krajach zachodnich organizacje pozarządowe stanowią ważny element demokracji oraz fundament społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. Również w Polsce w ostatnich latach rozwój tak zwanego trzeciego sektora przybrał na sile. W 1997 roku działało ponad 27 tys. podmiotów tego typu, podczas gdy dziś jest ich około 87,7 tys. (GUS, 2016, s. 7). Organizacje pozarządowe podobnie jak inne jednostki gospodarcze zobligowane są przepisami prawa do raportowania. W przypadku tych podmiotów funkcja informacyjna sprawozdań finansowych jest jednak szczególnie ważna, kształtuje bowiem wiarygodność organizacji oraz potwierdza transparentność jej działań. Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie przydatności sprawozdania finansowego jako użytecznego źródła informacji o sytuacji organizacji pozarządowej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem korelacji między ilością i jakością prezentowanych informacji finansowych a skutecznością w procesie fundraisingu. WprowadzenieOrganizacje pozarządowe, realizując cele społecznie użyteczne, powinny dążyć do zachowania transparentności oraz informować swoich interesariuszy o podejmowanych działaniach. Jednym z podstawowych narzędzi komunikacji w tym zakresie jest sprawozdanie finansowe. Niestety duża część organizacji pozarządowych w Polsce prowadzenie ksiąg rachunkowych traktuje jako "zło konieczne", a wymóg sporządzania sprawozdania finansowego jako niewnoszący żadnej wartości dodanej obowiązek. Tymczasem praktyka

The purpose of this article is to assess the comparability of non-financial disclosures on the impact of economic activity on the natural environment in reports of selected companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The ten largest listed companies listed in the WIG-20 index were selected for the study. The analysis of the reports was based on the following disclosure categories: Materials and raw materials, Fuels and energy, Water, Biodiversity, Emissions to the atmosphere, Waste and Effluents, and Others. Within these categories, 14 key environmental non-financial indicators were defined. The empirical study carried out confirmed that the non-financial reports analyzed in all of the seven categories of disclosures were not fully comparable. The research methods used were: literature studies, analysis of legal regulations, analysis of secondary data, as well as methods of induction and synthesis.

Streszczenie: Rachunkowości jako systemowi informacyjnemu przypisuje się dziś miano języka biznesu, który ma być czytelny na skalę globalną. Jednocześnie sygnalizuje się, że rachunkowość w obecnym kształcie boryka się z wieloma dylematami. W tym kontekście autorki artykułu podjęły dyskusję na temat wykorzystania dorobku dynamicznie rozwijającej się w ostatnich latach psychologii do analizy zagadnień typowych dla systemu rachunkowości. Za cel artykułu przyjęto konfrontację założeń głównych nurtów współczesnej psychologii na temat natury człowieka z realizacją naczelnej zasady systemu rachunkowości finansowej, jaką jest zasada wiernego i rzetelnego obrazu jednostki gospodarczej. W artykule posłużono się krytyczną analizą literatury oraz metodą dedukcji.

The aim of the article is the quantitative and qualitative analysis of non-financial reporting in Poland, with particular consideration given to different aspects of generating useful information for sustainable development. The following considerations concentrate on the analysis of the actual state of affairs and the proposed directions of changes in this scope and, to make the analysis, the following research hypothesis was formulated: legislative changes concerning the obligation to disclose non-financial information by some public trust entities will contribute to the development of reporting non-financial information in Poland. Both the quantitative and qualitative analysis of reporting for sustainable development in Poland confirmed the low level of development. Before the introduction of amendments in Polish legislation, i.e. until the end of 2017, a total number of the voluntarily published non-financial reports amounted to around 300-400, which is by far insufficient. It is estimated that, as a result of the introduced legislative changes, in 2018 the number of prepared reports will increase of about 300, which will have a considerable influence on the development of the Polish reporting system. In the study, the authors applied the following research methods: literature studies, the analysis of legal regulations and secondary sources as well as the method of inductive reasoning and synthesis.

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