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In this work, an Appliance Scheduling-based Residential Energy Management System (AS-REMS) for reducing electricity cost and avoiding peak demand while keeping user comfort is presented. In AS-REMS, based on the effects of starting times of appliances on user comfort and the user attendance during their operations, appliances are divided into two classes in terms of controllability: MC-controllable (allowed to be scheduled by the Main Controller) and user-controllable (allowed to be scheduled only by a user). Use of all appliances are monitored in the considered home for a while for recording users’ appliance usage preferences and habits on each day of the week. Then, for each MC-controllable appliance, preferred starting times are determined and prioritized according to the recorded user preferences on similar days. When scheduling, assigned priorities of starting times of these appliances are considered for maintaining user comfort, while the tariff rate is considered for reducing electricity cost. Moreover, expected power consumptions of user-controllable appliances corresponding to the recorded user habits and power consumptions of MC-controllable appliances corresponding to the assigned starting times are considered for avoiding peak demand. The corresponding scheduling problem is solved by Brute-Force Closest Pair method. AS-REMS reduces the peak demand levels by 45% and the electricity costs by 39.6%, while provides the highest level of user comfort by 88%. Thus, users’ appliance usage preferences are sustained at a lower cost while their comfort is kept impressively.

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Supervisory controller design to enforce boundedness, liveness, and reversibility in Petri nets is considered. The Petri nets considered may have non-unity weight arcs and both controllable and uncontrollable transitions. Algorithms for a centralized controller design approach are first developed. The developed algorithms always find a controller whenever it exists. This controller enforces boundedness, liveness, and reversibility; it also avoids deadlock. Furthermore, it is shown that the controller obtained is the least restrictive controller among all controllers which enforce desired properties. A decentralized controller design approach, based on overlapping decompositions, is then introduced. Algorithms to design decentralized controllers based on this approach are also developed. These controllers, when they exist, also guarantees boundedness, liveness, reversibility and deadlock freeness. The decentralized controllers have two main advantages over the centralized ones. First, they have reduced on-line computation and communication requirements. Second, the computational time required to design decentralized controllers is considerably less than that required for centralized controllers.

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In this study, an offline home energy management system that reduces electricity expense and peak demand without deteriorating residents’ contentment is considered. The main goal is to improve the system in the sense of reducing electricity expense, via interfering with appliances by means of interrupting as well as shifting their operation; and keeping up with the benefits of the newest technology, via plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle integration. The proposed offline home energy management system (OF-HEM) consists of smart electrical appliances, power resources (photovoltaic system, grid, backup battery), main controller, communication network and plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle. The main controller manages the power resources, appliances and plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle based on the solution of a mixed integer linear program with defined smart and energy-efficient operation constraints related to the smart appliances and power sources for data collected at the beginning of the day from the power resources and residents’ preferences. Conducted case studies demonstrate that OF-HEM significantly reduces electricity expenses and high peak demand.

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