This study aimed to investigate the potential application of image texture processing method on visible crumb structure of salty cake pog acsa, which was prepared with different baking times (5 and 7 min) and temperatures (200, 215, and 230 C). For this purpose, changes in gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) features including energy, contrast, correlation, homogeneity, and entropy were monitored and their relationship with the instrumental texture parameters (hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness) were assessed. The pore ratios were also extracted and visualized using image processing technique. Texture profile parameters indicated strong correlation (p < .01) with the image pattern parameters in different pog acsa groups. Gumminess showed strong correlation with contrast (0.503), correlation (À0.498), and homogeneity (0.401). Hardness also exhibited correlation with contrast (0.517), entropy (0.341), and correlation (À0.476). The pore ratio showed marked variation in crumb structure when different times and temperatures were used. Baking at 230 C for 7 min maximized the pore ratio (0.56). Penalty analysis revealed that oiliness, pore structure, and color of products were linked with baking time and temperature. Overall, the results suggested that the GLCM-based technique had the potential to be used as a nondestructive method for rapid quality assessment of pog acsa.
The study on the stabilization of the dispersive soil has been quite intensive in the past two decades. Dispersive soils are highly susceptible to erosion and contain high percentage of exchangeable sodium ions. There are difficulties associated with the reducing the dispersion potential of the dispersive soils. In the present research changes in dispersivity potential and other properties of the dispersive soil samples were investigated. The reduction in the dispersivity potential was significantly changed upon the curing time and percentage of selected admixtures. The results clearly proved that adding pozzolan followed by curing reduces dispersivety potential of the samples. Furthermore, samples stabilized by pozzolan were found to have increased unconfined compressive strength (UCS), decreased plasticity index, decreased percent sodium, and increased electrical conductivity. The results indicate that the least dispersivity potential corresponds to the application of 5% pozzolan, and better results were obtained with increasing number of curing days. However the 90 days curing time was found to be the least amount required for the samples to achieve the non-dispersive status, that is, with dispersivity potential of less than 30 percent. In these tests, sodium cations may have been replaced by aluminum and calcium ions that have higher valences, causing a decrease in the thickness of the double layer. Consequently, the decrease in the thickness of the double layer causes a decrease in the repulsive forces between clay particles, resulting in a reduction of the dispersivity potential of soils.
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