The past two millennia include some distinct climate intervals, such as the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age (LIA), which were caused by natural forcing factors, as well as the Current Warm Period (CWP) that has been linked to anthropogenic factors. Therefore, this period has been of great interest to climate change researchers. However, most studies are based on terrestrial proxy records,

Stable isotopes (e.g., δ 18 O and δ 13 C) and elemental ratios (e.g., Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca, U/Ca) in massive reef-building coral skeletons are excellent proxies for tracing past seawater environments, such as surface seawater temperature (SST) and surface seawater salinity, thus are widely used in the reconstruction of tropical ocean paleoclimate (

The period of 5.0-3.0 ka BP (before present, present = 1950 A.D.) marks a critical transition from the midto late-Holocene, characterized by significant climate regime changes. These include the strengthening of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity (Moy et al., 2002), the weakening of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) (Yuan et al., 2004), and the end of the Green Sahara period (Tierney et al., 2017). The most notable event during this period was the abrupt climate change known as the "4.2 ka BP event," which occurred from 4.2 to 3.9 ka BP and demarcated the boundary between the warmer mid-Holocene and the cooler late-Holocene (Walker et al., 2019). This abrupt climate shift is thought to have been a global-scale megadrought (Weiss, 2016) and led to the collapse of several ancient civilizations, including

The Holocene is generally considered to be a relatively warm and stable period (Dansgaard et al., 1989; Jouzel et al., 2007) that provided suitable climatic conditions for the development of human society. However, a growing number of studies have found that some rapid climate change events lasting for tens, hundreds, or thousands of years occasionally occurred and led to the collapse of some ancient civilizations (

No abstract

No abstract