Calcific uremic arteriolopathy, otherwise known as calciphylaxis, is a rare disease characterized by skin ulceration and tissue necrosis, likely the result of vascular calcification with accompanying intimal hypertrophy and small vessel thrombosis. Although most often associated with end-stage renal disease, it has also been seen in a number of other disorders (collectively referred to as nonuremic calciphylaxis). The purpose of this review is to summarize and analyze the currently available literature regarding the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic features and treatment modalities for this exceptionally uncommon illness. A series of recommended treatments is proposed for optimal treatment of calciphylaxis lesions.

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Caprini scores can be used as valuable predictors for some non-VTE postoperative complications (dehiscence, infection, seroma, hematoma, and necrosis). In addition to VTE events, clinicians should pay special attention to clinical signs indicative of the complications listed above when dealing with high-risk, high-Caprini score patients.

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stable. She was transitioned to an oral prednisone taper to further treat her active but improving rash. A skin biopsy, collected prior to treatment, showed a subcorneal pustule with neutrophils and eosinophils consistent with a diagnosis of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (Figure 2). The rash resolved with the prednisone taper after 38 days. The rapid spread of COVID-19 has left health care providers across the world in search of treatment options to combat the virus. This case highlights a severe cutaneous adverse reaction to HCQ, which is currently being used empirically, despite a lack of evidence to support its use. 9 In classic AGEP, onset occurs within 48 hours of drug initiation, and most cases resolve within 2 weeks after the offending medication is stopped. 1,4,5 In reported cases of HCQ-induced AGEP, there is a longer latency period, ranging from four to 30 days. Additionally, the duration of the eruption may be lengthy, up to 81 days, and prolonged treatment with systemic steroids or cyclosporine may be necessary to treat the reaction. 4-8 It is possible that the protracted course is secondary to HCQ's long half-life. 4,5 Our patient's presentation was likely somewhat attenuated, with fewer pustules, due to the systemic steroids she received prior to presentation. The absence of reliable, rapid COVID-19 testing contributed in this case. While HCQ is generally well-tolerated, dermatologic adverse effects can occur and may be severe.