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Generalized membranous gingival enlargement due to accumulation of amyloid or fibrin-like material is a rare, destructive and poorly defined disease entity. Some patients also show extraoral manifestations. The lesion is an involvement of periodontal tissues caused by the same process as ligneous conjunctivitis. In this report, 3 new cases, two of whom are siblings, are presented. Defective fibrinolysis and abnormal wound healing seem to be the main pathogenetic mechanism of this unusual disease, which should be evaluated systemically considering other mucosal involvement.

The findings suggest that CC morphology may be associated with the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.

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This study aims to determine the effect on depression of elderly people's anxiety levels in quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a descriptive study, in which data were collected using the online survey method, an introductory information form, a semistructured data form for COVID-19, the Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Data were collected during the period when a curfew was imposed for the elderly. Data were analyzed using a structural equation model. According to the structural equation model, anxiety was determined as a predictor of depression. The anxiety levels of the elderly who were 65-74 years old, female, single; had insufficient knowledge about the pandemic; and had not encountered a similar outbreak before considered that family relationships were affected negatively so they became lonely and reported that they became bored, exhausted, and distressed during the pandemic, which increased their depression levels. Anxiety affects depression in the elderly. Therefore, it is recommended to provide them with appropriate psychological support interventions and understandable information about the pandemic so that their anxiety and depression levels can be reduced during the pandemic.

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Aim: To date, despite possible neuroanatomical importance, no magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) study on hippocampus has been performed in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The purpose of the present study was therefore to compare hippocampal chemicals in patients with OCD with those in healthy subjects with no psychopathology.Methods: Eighteen patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for OCD and 18 healthy controls were studied. The patients and controls underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS), and measures of N-acetyl-l-aspartate (NAA), choline (CHO), and creatine (CRE) in hippocampal regions were obtained.Results: Both NAA/CRE and NAA/CHO ratios in the hippocampus in patients with OCD were reduced relative to healthy controls. The ANOVA showed a near-significant effect of diagnosis for NAA/CRE and a significant effect for NAA/CHO, but the ANOVA did not show any significant effect even at a trend level for CHO/CRE. No main effect of hemisphere was found for any metabolite ratio. Conclusions:The presence of neuronal degeneration is suggested in OCD. Future longitudinal neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies with larger patient samples are warranted in order to confirm these preliminary findings to better characterize the relevance of neurochemical abnormalities in hippocampus in the pathophysiology of OCD.Key words: choline, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, N-acetylaspartate, obsessive-compulsive disorder, spectroscopy. G ROWING NEUROIMAGING STUDIES have the potential to increase our understanding of the connection between the clinical features and related neurobiology in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), an increasing trend in psychoneuroradiology, is a safe and non-invasive technique for the in vivo study of brain chemistry and metabolism. MRS has been used primarily to measure concentrations of metabolites in brain tissue such as N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA; a marker of neuronal viability), combined glutamate and glutamine, choline (CHO; a marker of cell membrane turnover), myo-inositol, and creatinephosphocreatine (CRE; a marker of cellular energy). NAA has been reported to exist mainly intraneuronally. A reduction of NAA is considered to reflect a loss of neurons and axons and/or neural dysfunction.1 CHO, a marker of the membrane phospholipids, is increased in myelin breakdown. CRE is an energetic marker of cells. The majority of current functional and structural neuroimaging findings have emphasized abnormalities in fronto-striatalthalamic-cortical circuits, but other candidate structures include the hippocampus-amygdala complex. Hippocampal and amygdalar abnormalities were emphasized in studies involving positron emission tomography or functional magnetic resonance imaging and authors commented that the region