Air pollution is a problem that accumulates with urbanization and threatens human health. The quality of the air we breathe is more important for the cities like İstanbul, having the busiest traffic flow and highest population in Turkey. In this work, in order to measure the air quality of İstanbul, the trend of air quality data will be estimated. Turkey, according to the data of Environment Performance Index 2014 prepared by Yale University, is listed low especially on air quality. In accordance with the agreements signed with the European Union the environmental indicators and thus our air quality should be improved. For this reason, in order to reduce air pollution a program is prepared and an Air Quality Index is formed Turkey-wide. Also in İstanbul, via many stations the air pollutants are being monitored. To increase the air quality, it is necessary to monitor the change within time of these pollutants and estimate their trend. However, the pollutants listed in the air quality index, as in all the environmental data, is a data that consists outliers and missing observations, asymmetrical, seasonal, serial dependent, do not fit the normal distribution. As of these properties, the trend analysis of the air pollutants are done via tests that are nonparametric In detecting the existence of a trend in the air quality data carrying seasonal effect the Seasonal Kendall Test is being used.In this study the trend of air pollutants for İstanbul is tested via the monthly data gathered through 2005-2014 from different monitoring stations established by the İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality,. Among the pollutants especially in SO 2 emission, in all monitoring stations, statistically significant negative seasonal trend is seen. CO emission is also determined to be in decrease. However PM10 and NO 2 emissions are determined to be increasing in some stations. Besides, the homogeneity testing of pollutants between seasons and stations is also performed. According to this test, SO 2 has a homogeneous trend between stations and seasons.Keywords: Air pollution, Seasonal Kendall Test, Homogeneity Test. JEL Classification: C14, O13, Q53
Universities that provide significant contributions to economic and social progress of societies have been ranked according to various criteria such as education qualities, research outputs, international aspects and industrial connections each year. There are different systems to rank worldwide universities. This study is based on the calculation of Gini coefficients of Turkish universities and the evaluation of the differences between the universities for each of the years from 2010 to 2018 considering one of the aforementioned systems namely, URAP-TR. While calculating the Gini coefficients, universities with medical faculties, universities without medical faculties and all universities are evaluated separately. According to the findings of Gini coefficients and Lorenz curves, the highest inequality belongs to the criteria of the number of Ph D students for the term of 2010/2011. As for the number of articles and scientific publications criteria, the differences between universities are decreased over the years. Moreover, the gaps in universities with medical faculties and without medical faculties are almost zero. Nevertheless, the differences of research outputs between the universities with and without medical faculties are statistically significant.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.