No abstract

Vitamin D supplementation of 2000 and 4000 IU/d appeared safe in pregnancy, and 4000 IU/d was most effective in optimizing serum 25(OH)D concentrations in mothers and their infants. These findings could apply to other populations in which vD deficiency is endemic.

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The dietary practices of diabetic patients in the UAE are inadequate and need improvement.

Aims/hypothesis Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are secreted from enteroendocrine L cells in response to numerous stimuli, including bile salts. Both have multiple effects that are potentially useful in treating diabetes and obesity. L cell number and hormone content in the intestine are highest in the rectum in humans. We investigated the effects of intrarectal sodium taurocholate on plasma GLP-1, PYY, insulin and glucose concentrations, and on food intake of a subsequent meal.Methods Ten obese type 2 diabetic volunteers were each studied on five separate occasions after an overnight fast and oral administration of 100 mg sitagliptin 10 h before the study. They then received an intrarectal infusion of either one of four doses of taurocholate (0.66, 2, 6.66 or 20 mmol, each in 20 ml of vehicle) or vehicle alone (1% carboxymethyl cellulose) single-blind over 1 min. Hormone and glucose measurements were made prior to, and for 1 h following, the infusion. The consumption of a previously selected favourite meal eaten to satiety was measured 75 min after the infusion. Results Taurocholate dose-dependently increased GLP-1, PYY and insulin, with 20 mmol doses resulting in peak concentrations 7.2-, 4.2-and 2.6-fold higher, respectively, than those achieved with placebo (p<0.0001 for each). Plasma glucose decreased by up to 3.8 mmol/l (p<0.001). Energy intake was decreased dose-dependently by up to 47% (p<0.0001). The ED 50 values for effects on integrated GLP-1, insulin, PYY, food intake and glucose-lowering responses were 8. 1, 10.5, 18.5, 24.2