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The objective of our study was to investigate: the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in diffuse sino-nasal polyps; the relation between VCAM-1 and selective eosinophilia in diffuse sino-nasal polyps; the effect of eosinophilia and VCAM-1 expression on recurrence of diffuse sino-nasal polyps following treatment. Fifty patients with diffuse sino-nasal polyps were included in the study. Biopsies were taken from the polyps and the inferior turbinate mucosa of each patient and were studied by immunohistochemical staining for detection of VCAM-1 expression on the blood vessels, as well as by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining for detection of eosinophils. The percentage of blood vessels expressing VCAM-1 and the number of eosinophils in the polyps were detected and correlated and then compared to the corresponding numbers in the inferior turbinates. All patients were treated by endoscopic ethmoidectomies followed by local steroids for 1 year. Recurrence of polyps was monitored during the post-operative follow-up period. The quantitative expression of VCAM-1 and number of infiltrating eosinophils were compared in patients who developed recurrent polyps and those who did not. VCAM-1 was expressed in the polyps but not significantly higher than in the inferior turbinates of the patients or the controls. Eosinophils were significantly higher in the polyps compared to the inferior turbinates. No correlation was found between the expression of the VCAM-1 and the number of eosinophils. VCAM-1 expression was significantly higher in patients developing recurrent polyps. No significant difference was found in the number of infiltrating eosinophils between patients developing and those not developing recurrent polyps. VCAM-1 is expressed in polyps but not significantly higher than its expression in the inferior turbinate mucosa. VCAM-1 expression in diffuse sino-nasal polyps cannot on its own explain the selective eosinophilia detected in this disease. High VCAM-1 expression in diffuse sino-nasal polyps may be an indicator of a higher probability of polyps recurrence. Degree of eosinophilic infiltration cannot be taken as such an indicator.

Despite all the advances in the management of breast cancer (BC), patients with distance metastasis are still considered incurable with poor prognosis. For that reason, early detection of the metastatic lesions is crucial to improve patients' life span as well as quality of life. Many markers were proposed to be used as biomarkers for metastatic BC lesions, however many of them lack organ specificity. This highlights the need for novel markers that are more specific in detecting disseminated BC lesions. Here, we investigated mammaglobin-1 expression as a potential and specific marker for metastatic BC lesions using our patient cohort consisting of 30 newly diagnosed BC patients. For all patients, bone marrow (BM) aspiration, BM biopsy stained by H&E and BM immunohistochemically stained for mammaglobin-1 were performed. In addition, the CA15-3 in both serum and bone marrow plasma was also evaluated for each patient. Indeed, mammaglobin-1 immuno-staining was able to detect BM micrometastases in 16/30 patients (53.3%) compared to only 5/30 patients (16.7%) in BM biopsy stained by H&E and no cases detected by BM aspirate (0%). In addition, our results showed a trend of association between mammaglobin-1 immunoreactivity and the serum and BM plasma CA15-3. Further validation was done using large publicly available databases. Our results showed that mammaglobin-1 gene expression to be specifically upregulated in BC patients' samples compared to normal tissue as well as samples from other cancers. Moreover, our findings also showed mammaglobin-1 expression to be a marker of tumour progression presented as lymph nodes involvement and distant metastasis. These results provide an initial evidence for the use of mammaglobin-1 (SCGB2A2) immunostaining in bone marrow as a tool to investigate early BM micrometastases in breast cancer.

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BackgroundIn Egypt, breast cancer (BC) accounted for 37.7% as reported from WHO in 2008. Mammaglobin (MAM) is BC specific marker, which is almost expressed in breast epithelial cells. It is over expressed in subset of 70–80% of primary and metastatic BC tissues and can be used for identification of BC cells in bone marrow (BM).ObjectivesTo evaluate the significance of immunohistochemical (IHC) method applied on bone marrow trephine biopsy (BMB) in increasing the detection capacity for BC micrometastases in apparently non stage‐IV patients. To compare these results with those obtained by cytological examination of BM aspirate and the different biochemical marrow investigations.Materials and MethodsThirty prospective cases, presented with different stages (0‐III) of BC and who received no chemotherapy, were selected from Alexandria Armed Forces Hospital, Egypt, during the period from March 2014 to December 2015. All patient were subjected to the following work up: Reviewing patients' medical records for all clinical and demographic data. BM cytological examination (at least 6–8 Leishman's‐stained BMA smears) was meticulously scanned for any sheets of non‐haemopoietic malignant cells. Histological examination of BM core biopsy (at least 2.5 cm long); minimum of 2 H&E stained sections were thoroughly examined by two histopathologists for any sheets of nonhaemopoietic malignant cells. Morphological interpretation was guided by the standardized morphological criteria. IHC staining was performed on the BMB sections using MAM monoclonal antibody. CA15‐3 serum and BMA plasma levels were assessed using the fully automated Abbott “Axsym” system. Results 22 patients were diagnosed with infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC) (73.3%), while the rest (26.7%) were diagnosed with infiltrating lobular carcinoma (ILC). Three patients with IDC were classified as grade I (13.6%), 10 as grade II (45.5%), and 9 as grade III (40.9%). Regarding the stage, 2 patients (6.7%) presented with stage 0, 6 patients (20%) with stage I, 14 patients (46.7%) with stage II and 8 patients (26.7%) with stage III (Figure 1). Examination of the BM aspirates of the 30 patients were completely negative (100%), while examination of the H&E stained sections from the BMB were as follows: 5 patients (16.7%) were positive for BM micrometastases showing hypercellularity, fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration (plasma cells, macrophage and eosinophils), angiogenesis and osteoclastic hyperplasia (Figure 2), while 25 patients (83.3%) were negative. 16/30 cases (53.3%) yielded positive results for the MAM IHC staining on BMB (Figures 3 and 4). There was statistical significant differences between using MAM IHC staining and BMB H&E examination (P=0.0013). By measuring CA15.3 in both serum and BM plasma, there was no statistical significant difference regarding serum and BM plasma CA15.3. Conclusions Superiority of BMB over BMA in detection of BM micrometastatic disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in patients diagnosed with primary BC. Combining BMB with IHC staining using MAM significantly increases the detection capacity for DTCs in the BM when diagnosing patients with primary BC. In spite of the correlation present between BM plasma and serum levels of CA15‐3, neither CA15‐3 serum levels nor BM plasma levels could be reliable markers for diagnosing or detecting early occult micrometastatic DTCs in the BM at initial diagnosis of primary BC This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Background Rhabdomyosarcoma is common in childhood, especially, the head and neck region, yet involvement of the temporal bone is rare. Case presentation We reported a case of an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in a 4.5-year-old boy presenting with external auditory canal polyp and purulent otorrhea that later developed grade 6 facial palsy. Imaging showed soft tissue mass involving the middle ear, mastoid cavity, parotid gland, and parapharyngeal space. Subtotal petrosectomy with blind closure of the external auditory canal was performed with facial nerve decompression and debulking biopsy followed by combined chemoradiation. Conclusion Middle ear rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare pathology, usually present in childhood by symptoms similar to suppurative otitis media not responding to medical treatment leading to delayed diagnosis and development of complications.

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