Fetal cells trafficking into maternal blood during pregnancy engraft tissues and persist for decades in marrow and bone. While persistent fetal cells were initially implicated in autoimmune disease, animal studies suggest that microchimeric fetal cells play a broader role in response to tissue injury. This study investigated whether fetal cells participate in tissue repair after human pregnancy. Specimens were obtained from women undergoing surgery for suspected lung cancer. Y-fluorescence in-situ hybridization was performed on paraffin-embedded sections, with the investigator blinded to medical histories. Male cells were identified in lung/thymus tissue from all women with known male pregnancies, but not in those without sons. The frequency of male microchimeric cells was seven-fold greater in lung/thymus tissues than marrow and was two-fold greater than normal bone from the same women. Nested-polymerase chain reaction for sex determining region Y confirmed male DNA in tissues. Male cells in lung were clustered in tumour rather than surrounding healthy tissues. In conclusion, male presumed-fetal cells were identified in pathological post-reproductive tissues, where they were more likely to be located in diseased tissues at several-fold higher frequency than normal tissues. It is suggested that fetal cells are present at sites of tissue injury and may be stem cells, either recruited from marrow or having proliferated locally.

The majority of in-vitro-derived human preimplantation embryos are chromosomally abnormal but whether the same pattern exists in vivo is unknown. This would be impossible to demonstrate in humans. Hence we chose murine embryos to study this difference owing to their ease of manipulation and compared the incidence of mosaicism between in-vivo- and in-vitro-cultured embryos. Two groups of embryos were analysed. Group A (in vitro) were obtained 48h following superovulation and cultured in vitro until the blastocyst stage. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) was performed at different stages that included the cleavage, morula and blastocyst stage. Group B (in vivo) were obtained on day 2 or day 5 and FISH was performed immediately without culture. There was an increase in chromosomal mosaicism seen from the cleavage stage up to the blastocyst stage in the in-vitro culture group. Overall chromosomal abnormality from day 3 to day 5 was found to be 30% (28/94) in group A. The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in blastocysts from group B was significantly lower than group A blastocysts (8% (3/40) and 31% (20/64) respectively; P<0.05). These data show that in-vitro cultured embryos had a significantly higher incidence of mosaicisim in comparison with the in-vivo group. Cultured human embryos show high levels of chromosomal abnormalities but whether this is a pattern seen in all embryos or is the result of culture is unknown. To study this pattern we used mouse embryos and carried out chromosome analysis by fluorescent in-situ hybridization. We compared embryos that were cultured (in vitro) with those that were not (in vivo, i.e. grown exclusively in the mouse). We found that cultured embryos showed significantly higher chromosomal abnormalities as compared with in vivo embryos. This suggests that certain culture conditions are responsible for the high level of chromosomal abnormalities seen in these embryos, which should be investigated further.

JCRB, an open access journal Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) was introduced more than 20 years ago [1]. This technique was available to fertile couples to overcome genetic problems, chromosomal abnormalities and inherited single-gene disorders and to select gender for both medical and non-medical reasons. More recently, PGD has been extended to screening for late onset diseases, cancer predisposition [2,3] and HLA matching to disease-affected siblings to provide a source for stem cell transplantation [4-7]. The practice of PGD remains a worldwide subject of debate. In the last two decades, the influence of religion on bioethics has declined, and the subject has become dominated by secular philosophical, social, and legal concepts. However, in the Middle East, religion still significantly influences social behaviors, attitudes, practices and policy-making [8].

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Medicinal plants also called medicinal herbs have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. Plants contains many of phytochemical compounds for functions including defense against anti-mutagenic or anti-carcinogenic effects. Medicinal plants such as (Ginger), (Curcuma)and (Rosmary) are have nutritive value and major source of medicines as play important role for treatment of many various diseases.Ginger has a long history of medicinal use particularly as an anti-inflammatory agent for a wide variety of diseases such as arthritis. Suppression of inflammation in arthritis is attributed to suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine's produced by synoviocytes, chondrocytes and leukocytes Dried Curcuma longa is the source of the spice turmeric the ingredient that gives curry powder its characteristic yellow color Current research has focused on Curcuma antioxidant, hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and antimicrobial properties in addition to its use in cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal disorders.Rosemary clearly is an herb with many benefits. Valued for its contributions in the kitchen, and prized by modern herbalists for its traditional healing powers. Rosemary is a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, and that it prevents carcinogens from binding to DNA, and stimulates liver detoxification of carcinogens.